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Occurrence of Phthalate Metabolites in Human Urine from Several Asian Countries

机译：亚洲一些国家的人类尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的发生

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摘要

The occurrence of 14 phthalate metabolites was found in human urine samples collected from seven Asian countries: China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Phthalate metabolites were found in all samples, indicating widespread exposure of humans to phthalates in these Asian countries. The highest total (the sum of 14 phthalates) phthalate metabolite concentrations were found in samples collected from Kuwait (median: 1050 ng/mL), followed in decreasing order by samples from India (389 ng/ mL), China (234 ng/mL), Vietnam (133 ng/mL), Japan (120 ng/mL), Korea (117 ng/mL), and Malaysia (94.9 ng/mL). The creatinine-adjusted median concentrations of total phthalates for urine samples from Kuwait, India, China, Vietnam, Japan, Korea, and Malaysia were 692, 506, 289, 119, 103,104, and 169 /ig/g creatinine, respectively. Monomethyl phthalate (mMP), monoethyl phthalate (mEP), mono (2-isobutyl phthalate) (miBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (mBP), and metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant compounds, collectively accounting for >95% of the total concentrations in the samples from the seven countries. The profiles of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations varied among the samples collected from the seven countries. Urine samples from Kuwait contained the highest concentrations of mEP (median: 391 ng/mL), mBP (94.1 ng/mL), and the metabolites of DEHP (202 ng/mL), whereas samples from China and Japan contained the highest concentrations of miBP (50.8 ng/mL) and mMP (17.5 ng/mL), respectively. mEP was the predominant metabolite in urine samples from India and Kuwait (accounting for 49% of the total), mBP and miBP were the predominant compounds in samples from China (52%), and DEHP metabolites were the predominant compounds in samples from Korea (46%) and Vietnam (52%). Based on the urinary concentrations of mEP, mBP, miBP, and DEHP metabolites of the samples from the seven Asian countries, we estimated daily intake rates of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and DEHP. The results indicated that people in the seven Asian countries are exposed to DEP, DBP, and DEHP at levels well below the reference doses (RfD) suggested as unsafe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The estimated exposure doses to DEHP in Kuwait, however, were above the RfD recommended by the EPA.
机译：在从七个亚洲国家（中国，印度，日本，韩国，科威特，马来西亚和越南）收集的人类尿液样本中发现了14种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的发生。在所有样品中都发现了邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物，这表明在这些亚洲国家中，人广泛接触邻苯二甲酸酯。从科威特收集的样品中，邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的总浓度最高（14种邻苯二甲酸盐的总和）（中位数：1050 ng / mL），其次是印度（389 ng / mL）和中国（234 ng / mL） ），越南（133 ng / mL），日本（120 ng / mL），韩国（117 ng / mL）和马来西亚（94.9 ng / mL）。来自科威特，印度，中国，越南，日本，韩国和马来西亚的尿液样本中肌酐调整后的总邻苯二甲酸盐中位数浓度分别为692、506、289、119、103,104和169 / ig / g肌酐。邻苯二甲酸单甲酯（mMP），邻苯二甲酸单乙酯（mEP），邻苯二甲酸单（2-异丁酯）（miBP），邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯（mBP）和邻苯二甲酸二-（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）的代谢产物化合物，总共占七个国家样品中总浓度的95％以上。从这七个国家收集的样品中尿邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度的概况各不相同。来自科威特的尿液样品中最高浓度的mEP（中值：391 ng / mL），mBP（94.1 ng / mL）和DEHP的代谢产物（202 ng / mL），而中国和日本的样品中浓度最高。 miBP（50.8 ng / mL）和mMP（17.5 ng / mL）。 mEP是印度和科威特尿液样品中的主要代谢物（占总量的49％），mBP和miBP是中国样品中的主要化合物（52％），而DEHP代谢物是韩国样品中的主要化合物（ 46％）和越南（52％）。根据来自七个亚洲国家的样品中mEP，mBP，miBP和DEHP代谢产物的尿液浓度，我们估算了邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP），邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和DEHP的每日摄入量。结果表明，七个亚洲国家/地区的人暴露于DEP，DBP和DEHP的水平远低于美国环境保护署（EPA）建议的不安全的参考剂量（RfD）。但是，科威特对DEHP的估计暴露剂量高于EPA建议的RfD。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2011年第7期|p.3138-3144|共7页
  • 作者

    Ying Guo; Husam Alomirah; Hyeon-Seo Cho; Tu Binh Minh; Mustafa Ali Mohd; Haruhiko Nakata; Kurunthachalam Kannan;

  • 作者单位

    Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health,State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States;

    Biotechnology Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait;

    College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, South Korea;

    Vietnam Environment Administration, 409 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam;

    Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;

    Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;

    Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health,State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States,International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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