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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental Science & Technology >Emissions of toxic pollutants from compressed natural gas and low sulfur diesel-fueled heavy-duty transit buses tested over multiple driving cycles
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Emissions of toxic pollutants from compressed natural gas and low sulfur diesel-fueled heavy-duty transit buses tested over multiple driving cycles

机译：经过多次驾驶循环测试的压缩天然气和低硫柴油驱动的重型公交车的有毒污染物排放

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The number of heavy-duty vehicles using alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and new low-sulfur diesel fuel formulations and equipped with after-treatment devices are projected to increase. However, few peer-reviewed studies have characterized the emissions of particulate matter (PM) and other toxic compounds from these vehicles. In this study, chemical and biological analyses were used to characterize the identifiable toxic air pollutants emitted from both CNG and low-sulfur-diesel-fueled heavy-duty transit buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over three transient driving cycles and a steady-state cruise condition. The CNG bus had no after-treatment, and the diesel bus was tested first equipped with an oxidation catalyst (OC) and then with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). Emissions were analyzed for PM, volatile organic compounds (VOCs; determined onsite), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and mutagenic activity. The 2000 model year CNG-fueled vehicle had the highest emissions of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and carbonyls (e.g., formaldehyde) of the three vehicle configurations tested in this study. The 1998 model year diesel bus equipped with an OC and fueled with low-sulfur diesel had the highest emission rates of PM and PAHs. The highest specific mutagenic activities (revertants/mu g PM, or potency) and the highest mutagen emission rates (revertants/mi) were from the CNG bus in strain TA98 tested over the New York Bus (NYB) driving cycle. The 1998 model year diesel bus with DPF had the lowest VOCs, PAH, and mutagenic activity emission. In general, the NYB driving cycle had the highest emission rates (g/mi), and the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) had the lowest emission rates for all toxics tested over the three transient test cycles investigated. Also, transient emissions were, in general, higher than steady-state emissions. The emissions of toxic compounds from an in-use CNG transit bus (without an oxidation catalyst) and from a vehicle fueled with low-sulfur diesel fuel (equipped with DPF) were lower than from the low-sulfur diesel fueled vehicle equipped with OC. All vehicle configurations had generally lower emissions of toxics than an uncontrolled diesel engine. Tunnel backgrounds (measurements without the vehicle running) were measured throughout this study and were helpful in determining the incremental increase in pollutant emissions. Also, the on-site determination of VOCs, especially 1,3-butadiene, helped minimize measurement losses due to sample degradation after collection.
机译：预计使用替代燃料（例如压缩天然气（CNG）和新的低硫柴油燃料配方）并配备后处理装置的重型车辆数量将会增加。但是，很少有经过同行评审的研究对这些车辆排放的颗粒物（PM）和其他有毒化合物进行表征。在这项研究中，使用化学和生物学分析来表征在三个瞬态行驶周期和稳态巡航过程中在底盘测功机上测试的CNG和低硫柴油燃料重型公交车排放的可识别有毒空气污染物的特征。健康）状况。 CNG客车没有后处理功能，首先测试了柴油客车配备的氧化催化剂（OC），然后配备了催化的柴油机微粒过滤器（DPF）。分析了排放物中的PM，挥发性有机化合物（VOC；在现场确定），多环芳烃（PAH）和诱变活性。在这项研究中测试的三种车辆配置中，以2000车型年压缩天然气为燃料的车辆排放的1,3-丁二烯，苯和羰基化合物（例如甲醛）最高。 1998年配备了OC并以低硫柴油为燃料的柴油公共汽车的PM和PAH排放率最高。最高的比诱变活性（回复株/μg PM或效价）和最高的诱变排放率（回复株/ mi）来自在纽约公交车（NYB）驾驶周期中测试的TA98株的CNG公交车。具有DPF的1998年模型柴油客车的VOC，PAH和诱变活性排放最低。通常，在所研究的三个瞬态测试周期内，NYB驾驶循环的所有有毒物质的排放率最高（g / mi），而城市测功机驾驶时间表（UDDS）的排放率最低。另外，瞬态排放通常要高于稳态排放。使用中的CNG公交车（无氧化催化剂）和使用低硫柴油燃料的车辆（配备DPF）的有毒化合物排放量低于使用OC的低硫柴油燃料的车辆。与不受控制的柴油机相比，所有车辆配置的毒物排放量通常都较低。在整个研究过程中，都对隧道的背景（在没有车辆行驶的情况下进行测量）进行了测量，这有助于确定污染物排放量的增量增加。此外，现场测定挥发性有机化合物（尤其是1,3-丁二烯）有助于最大程度地减少由于采集后样品降解而导致的测量损失。

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