TESTING THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE HYPOTHESIS

Hung T. Vu; Stephen J. Klaine

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TESTING THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE HYPOTHESIS

机译：测试个人有效剂量假设

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The assumption of the individual effective dose is the basis for the probit method used for analyzing dose or concentration-response data. According to this assumption, each individual has a uniquely innate tolerance expressed as the individual effective dose (IED) or the smallest dose that is sufficient to kill the individual. An alternative to IED, stochasticity suggests that individuals do not have uniquely innate tolerance; deaths result from random processes occurring among similar individuals. Although the probit method has been used extensively in toxicology, the underlying assumption has not been tested rigorously. The goal of the present study was to test which assumption, IED or stochasticity, best explained the response of Daphnia magna exposed to multiple pulses of copper sulfate (CuSO_4) over 24 d. Daphnia magna were exposed to subsequent age-dependent 24-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of copper (Cu). Age-dependent 24-h LC50 values and Cu depuration test were determined prior to the 24-d bioassay. The LC50 values were inversely related to organism age. The Cu depuration of D. magna did not depend on age or Cu concentration, and 5 d was sufficient recovery time. Daphnia magna were exposed to 4 24-h Cu exposures, and surviving organisms after each exposure were transferred to Cu-free culture media for recovery before the next exposure. Stochasticity appropriately explained the survival and reproduction response of D. magna exposed to Cu.

机译：假定单个有效剂量是用于分析剂量或浓度响应数据的概率方法的基础。根据此假设，每个个体都有一个独特的先天耐受性，表示为个体有效剂量（IED）或足以杀死该个体的最小剂量。随机性是IED的另一种选择，它表明个体没有独特的先天宽容。死亡是由相似个体之间发生的随机过程导致的。尽管概率论方法已在毒理学中广泛使用，但尚未对基础假设进行严格的测试。本研究的目的是测试哪种假设（IED或随机性）能最好地解释24天内暴露于多脉冲硫酸铜（CuSO_4）的水蚤的反应。大型蚤（Daphnia magna）随后暴露于年龄依赖性的24小时铜（Cu）致死浓度中值（LC50s）。在进行24天生物测定之前，确定了年龄相关的24小时LC50值和铜净化测试。 LC50值与生物体年龄成反比。 D. magna的铜净化与年龄或Cu浓度无关，5 d即可恢复。大型蚤（Daphnia magna）暴露于4 24小时的铜暴露，每次暴露后存活的生物被转移到无铜的培养基中以恢复下一次暴露。随机性适当地解释了暴露于铜的D. magna的存活和繁殖反应。

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来源
《Environmental toxicology and chemistry》 |2014年第4期|791-797|共7页
作者
Hung T. Vu; Stephen J. Klaine;
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作者单位

Clemson University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA,Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;

Clemson University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA;

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收录信息美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类
关键词
IED; Stochastic; Aquatic Invertebrates; Copper; Toxic Effects;

机译：简易爆炸装置;随机;水生无脊椎动物;铜;毒性作用;

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机译：关注的表达：在福岛NPP事故（系列）之后的被动剂量计（系列）：II，被动剂量剂量的单个外部剂量监测DATE City的所有公民。预测寿命的额外有效剂量，评价净化对个体剂量的影响（Vol 37，PG 623,2017）
2. MULTIPLE POINT HYPOTHESIS TEST PROBLEMS AND EFFECTIVE NUMBERS OF TESTS FOR CONTROL OF THE FAMILY-WISE ERROR RATE [J] . THORSTEN DICKHAUS, JENS STANGE Calcutta statistical association bulletin . 2013,第257a260期

机译：控制家庭明智误差率的多点假设检验问题和有效测试数
3. Reader quality control tests, dose algorithm comparison, and signal depletion of optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry systems used for individual monitoring: A case of the dosimetry system of the national individual monitoring service in Gabon [J] . Philippe Ondo Meye, Cyril Schandorf, Roger Ondo Ndong Radiation Protection and Environment . 2018,第2期

机译：读取器质量控制测试，剂量算法比较以及用于个体监测的光激发发光剂量法系统的信号损耗：以加蓬国家个体监测机构的剂量法系统为例
4. IMPACT OF NUCLIDE VECTOR COMPOSITION CONTAINED IN CONDITIONALLY RELEASED STEEL REUSED IN MOTORWAY TUNNELS SCENARIO ON CALCULATED INDIVIDUAL EFFECTIVE DOSES [C] . Tomas Hrncir, Vladimir Necas International conference on environmental remediation and radioactive waste management . 2012

机译：高速公路隧道情景中重复使用的条件释放钢中所含核素矢量成分对计算出的有效剂量的影响
5. Testing the individual effective dose hypothesis. [D] . Vu, Hung Thi Hong. 2009

机译：测试个人有效剂量假设。
6. More individuals but fewer species: testing the ‘more individuals hypothesis’ in a diverse tropical fauna [O] . Terrence P. McGlynn, Michael D. Weiser, Robert R. Dunn 2010

机译：更多的个体但更少的物种：在多样化的热带动物中检验更多的个体假设
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

TESTING THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE HYPOTHESIS

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