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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental toxicology and chemistry >DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT, ACUTE EXPOSURE HAZARD ESTIMATES: A TOOL FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SPILLS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
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DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT, ACUTE EXPOSURE HAZARD ESTIMATES: A TOOL FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SPILLS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

机译：短期，急性接触危险估计的发展：一种用于评估水生环境中化学溢出物影响的工具

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摘要

Management decisions aimed at protecting aquatic resources following accidental chemical spills into rivers and coastal estuaries require estimates of toxic thresholds derived from realistic spill conditions: acute pulse exposures of short duration (h), information which often is unavailable. Most existing toxicity data (median lethal concentration or median effective concentration) come from tests performed under constant exposure concentrations and exposure durations in the 24-h to 96-h range, conditions not typical of most chemical spills. Short-exposure hazard concentration estimates were derived for selected chemicals using empirical toxicity data. Chemical-specific 5th percentile hazard concentrations (HC5) of species sensitivity distributions (SSD) from individual exposure durations (6-96 h) were derived via bootstrap resampling and were plotted against their original exposure durations to estimate HC5s and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at shorter exposures (1,2, and 4 h). This approach allowed the development of short-exposure HC5s for 12 chemicals. Model verification showed agreement between observed and estimated short-exposure HC5s (r~2 adjusted = 0.95, p < 0.0001), and comparison of estimated short-exposure HC5s with empirical toxicity data indicated generally conservative hazard estimates. This approach, applied to 2 real spill incidents, indicated hazard estimates above expected environmental concentrations (acrylonitrile), and suggested that environmental concentrations likely exceeded short-exposure hazard estimates (furfural). Although estimates generated through this approach were likely overprotective, these were derived from environmentally realistic exposure durations, providing risk-assessors with a tool to manage field decisions.
机译：在化学品意外泄漏到河流和沿海河口后，旨在保护水生资源的管理决策需要估算源自实际泄漏条件的毒性阈值：持续时间短（h）的急性脉冲暴露，通常无法获得信息。大多数现有的毒性数据（中等致死浓度或中位数有效浓度）来自在恒定暴露浓度和24小时至96小时范围内的暴露持续时间下进行的测试，这些条件在大多数化学泄漏事故中并不常见。使用经验毒性数据得出了所选化学品的短期接触危害浓度估算值。通过自举重采样法得出个体暴露持续时间（6-96 h）的物种敏感性分布（SSD）的化学特有的百分之五危害浓度（HC5），并针对其原始暴露持续时间作图，以估算HC5和95％置信区间（CIs） ）在较短的曝光时间（1,2和4小时）。这种方法允许开发用于12种化学品的短时接触HC5。模型验证表明，所观察到的和短期暴露的HC5之间存在一致性（r〜2调整后= 0.95，p <0.0001），对所评估的短期暴露的HC5与经验毒性数据的比较表明，总体而言，危险性估算较为保守。该方法适用于2次实际泄漏事件，表明危害估计高于预期的环境浓度（丙烯腈），并建议环境浓度可能超过短期接触危害估计（糠醛）。尽管通过这种方法得出的估计值可能会过分保护，但这些估计值是从对环境的实际暴露持续时间得出的，为风险评估人员提供了一种管理现场决策的工具。

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