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Assessing anthropogenic pressures on coastal marine ecosystems using stable CNS isotopes: State of the art, knowledge gaps, and community-scale perspectives

机译：使用稳定的CNS同位素评估沿海海洋生态系统的人为压力：最新技术，知识差距和社区尺度的观点

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In recent decades, the analysis of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur stable isotopes (SIA) has emerged as a powerful, viable methodology for examining food web structure and dynamics, as well as addressing a number of applied issues. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the use of SIA for assessing anthropogenic pressures on natural ecosystems, in order to establish current knowledge gaps and identify promising applications for evaluating the ecological status of marine coastal waters. Specifically, the potential of SIA to provide food web-scale indicators for estimating cumulative anthropogenic pressures is addressed. The review indicates that the methodology has been used for virtually the whole spectrum of human pressures known to influence marine ecosystems. However, only the effects of chemical pollution, release of dissolved and particulate nutrients, and invasive species have been extensively investigated. For the first two pressures, substantial efforts have been made to implement isotopic quantitative approaches and metrics for inter-system comparisons; however, with the exception of nutrient release, the majority of aquatic studies have been carried out in freshwater systems, and only limited information is available on marine environments. In particular, the effects of invasive species on coastal habitats have received scant attention. Trophic position of indicator species emerges as the isotopic metric most ubiquitously adopted for measuring the impact of anthropogenic pressures. Conversely, the application of other recently implemented metrics, proven to be highly effective in integrating information on the spatial-temporal dynamics of aquatic food webs, is to date still limited. The potential of stable isotope analysis to provide a unifying methodological-theoretical framework for effective, inter-ecosystem comparisons of both single and multiple anthropogenic pressures is emphasised. Additionally, a plea for the implementation and intercalibration of community-scale isotopic metrics is made, in order to provide useful tools and indicators for current and future environmental legislative initiatives. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：近几十年来，对碳，氮和硫稳定同位素（SIA）的分析已成为一种强大，可行的方法，可用于检查食物网的结构和动力学，并解决许多应用问题。在这里，我们提供了有关使用SIA评估自然生态系统人为压力的最新技术综述，以建立当前的知识差距并确定有希望的应用程序来评估海洋沿海水域的生态状况。具体而言，解决了SIA提供食物网规模指标以估算累积人为压力的潜力。审查表明，该方法实际上已用于已知影响海洋生态系统的整个人类压力范围。但是，仅对化学污染，溶解的和颗粒状养分的释放以及入侵物种的影响进行了广泛的研究。对于前两个压力，已经做出了巨大的努力来实施同位素定量方法和系统间比较的指标。但是，除了养分释放外，大多数水生研究都是在淡水系统中进行的，关于海洋环境的信息很少。特别是，入侵物种对沿海生境的影响很少受到关注。指示剂物种的营养位置是最常用于测量人为压力影响的同位素指标。相反，迄今仍然限制了其他最近实施的指标的应用，这些指标被证明在整合有关水生食物网的时空动态信息方面非常有效。强调了稳定同位素分析为单一人为压力和多重人为压力的有效，生态系统间比较提供统一的方法理论框架的潜力。此外，呼吁实施和相互校准社区规模的同位素指标，以便为当前和将来的环境立法举措提供有用的工具和指标。 （C）2014 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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