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How race became everything: Australia and polygenism

机译：种族如何成为一切：澳大利亚与多元遗传

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This paper seeks to explain the shift that took place in the mid-nineteenth century elaboration of a polygenist idea of race. Supplementing existing claims that increasing evidence about the diversity of humankind provided a context for this shift, the focus here is upon British colonial encounters in Australia. It is against the background of what was considered to be a distinctly human separation from, and capacity to rise above, nature that, we argue, the Australian Aborigine precipitated a crisis in existing ideas of the human. As consternation grew not only about their inclination but about their very capacity for improvement, and particularly for cultivation, the Aborigines challenged the basis upon which the unity of humankind had been assumed. They could not be comprehended, according to the prevailing conception of racial difference, as a mere variety of the human. And it is out of this incomprehension, we argue, that the rise of polygenism may be understood: as an attempt to account for the ontologically inexplicable difference of the Australian Aborigine.
机译：本文试图解释在19世纪中叶阐述种族主义多种族主义观念时发生的转变。补充现有的说法，即越来越多的关于人类多样性的证据为这种转变提供了背景，这里的重点是英国在澳大利亚的殖民遭遇。在人们认为与自然截然不同并具有超越自然的能力的背景下，我们认为，澳大利亚原住民引发了人类现有观念的危机。随着惊吓不仅增加了他们的意愿，而且也提高了他们改善能力，特别是提高耕种的能力，土著居民对人类统一的依据提出了挑战。根据普遍存在的种族差异概念，它们不能理解为仅仅是人类的变种。我们认为，正是由于这种不理解，才可以理解多基因现象的兴起：这是对澳大利亚土著人在本体论上无法解释的差异进行解释的一种尝试。

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