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Tackling Eutrophication: The Implications of a Precautionary Approach

机译：解决富营养化：一种预防方法的含义

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摘要

Eutrophication is a major water pollution problem which affects inland and coastal waters throughout the European Community. This article examines the Community's response to this issue. The Community appeared to have established a comprehensive framework of measures when, in the 1991, it adopted the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and the Nitrates Directive. However, as this article points out, it soon became apparent that there were several important gaps within this framework. With the adoption of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, in 1996, and of the Water Framework Directive in 2000 the Community put in place even more extensive provisions that would plug these gaps. However, one important question has remained. When exactly should individual water bodies be considered to be eutrophic? Both the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and the Nitrates Directive contain very similar definitions of eutrophication. However, Member States have been left to their own devices in interpreting and applying these definitions. This has led some Member States to adopt a restrictive approach with the result that some eutrophic waters have been left unprotected. The European Court of Justice has now turned its attention to this matter. In two enforcement actions, against France, the Court has provided its interpretation of the definitions set out in these Directives. This article examines these cases and points out that the Court adopted a highly precautionary and purposive approach. The article also analyses the wider implications of this case law. It points out that the Court's judgments in these cases have potentially far reaching consequences not just in relation to the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and the Nitrates Directive, but also with regard to the steps that must be taken under the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive and also the Water Framework Directive.
机译：富营养化是一个主要的水污染问题，它影响到整个欧洲共同体的内陆和沿海水域。本文研究了社区对此问题的回应。 1991年，该社区通过了《城市废水处理指令》和《硝酸盐指令》，似乎已经建立了一个全面的措施框架。但是，正如本文所指出的那样，很快就发现在此框架内存在几个重要的空白。随着1996年通过《污染预防和控制综合指令》和2000年通过了《水框架指令》，欧共体制定了更广泛的规定来弥补这些差距。但是，仍然存在一个重要问题。什么时候应该将单个水体视为富营养化？城市废水处理指令和硝酸盐指令都包含富营养化的非常相似的定义。但是，在解释和应用这些定义时，成员国只能任其使用。这导致一些会员国采取限制性措施，导致一些富营养化水域得不到保护。欧洲法院现在已将注意力转移到此问题上。在针对法国的两项执法行动中，法院对这些指令中的定义进行了解释。本文对这些案件进行了审查，并指出法院采取了高度预防性和有目的性的方法。本文还分析了该判例法的更广泛含义。报告指出，法院在这些案件中的判决不仅对城市废水处理指令和《硝酸盐指令》有影响，而且对《综合污染预防和控制指令》必须采取的步骤也有潜在的深远影响。还有水框架指令。

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