Officers in the shipping industry are not being adequately trained on new onboard equipment, according to feedback from maritime lecturers and seafarers gathered by Professor Helen Sampson and research associate Lijun Tang from the Seafarers International Research Centre at Cardiff University and published in November 2015. The questionnaire, which asked seafarers to rate their level of expertise, revealed most were confident on the main engine manoeuvring system (83% self-rated knowledge was "excellent") but far less so on oily water separators (only 40% self-rated as "excellent"), while a staggering 37% described their knowledge of high-voltage equipment as "basic" or "zero". Navigators were confident on simple pieces of equipment such as AIS and GPS but less confident on complex systems such as ECDIS, GMDSS, and ARPA. They were least confident on ECDIS, with 9% of respondents rating their knowledge as "zero" and 21% as "basic".
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