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A systematic experimental investigation on the synergistic effects of aqueous nanofluids on interfacial properties and their implications for enhanced oil recovery

机译：水性纳米流体对界面性质的协同效应及其对提高采油率的影响的系统实验研究

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Nanofluids have been proposed as potential enhanced oil recovery agents and additives to hydraulic fracturing fluids. The underlying mechanisms responsible for effectiveness of these fluids, however, are not well understood. In this study, we experimentally investigate synergistic effects of aqueous nanofluids on interfacial properties of oil/brine/rock systems and their role in influencing oil displacement from sandstone and carbonate rock samples. The nanofluids were prepared by dispersing three widely-used nanoparticles (i.e., SiOx, Al2O3, and TiO2) and five different chemical agents (i.e., oleic acid, polyacrylic acid, a cationic, an anionic, and a nonionic surfactant) in base brine solutions. The efficacy of the mixtures was examined using a framework that including a comprehensive stability analysis, IFT and wettability characterizations, and oil recovery tests at ambient as well as high pressure and high temperature conditions (i.e., spontaneous imbibition and core-flooding experiments, respectively). Effects of stable nanofluids, identified from stability analysis, on interfacial tension and dynamic contact angle were carefully investigated. We show that co-adsorption and self-structuring of nanoaggregates and chemical agents at the solid interface leads to wettability alteration. Both spontaneous imbibition and high pressure and high temperature core-flooding results reveal the effectiveness of SiOx + nonionic surfactant nanofluid in enhancing oil recovery in Berea sandstone due to a synergistic effect between nanoparticles and surfactant molecules. In contrast, the stability of nanofluids was highly compromised in Edwards limestone due to dissolution and interaction of calcium ions with nanoaggregates at high temperature. This was evident in the drastic difference between oil recoveries obtained through ambient-temperature spontaneous imbibition and high-temperature core-flooding experiments conducted on carbonate core samples. Finally, we provide new insights on interfacial interactions in nanofluid/oil/rock systems as they relate to wettability alteration, IFT reduction, and the effect of dissolved ions such as calcium in carbonate rocks. We use this improved understanding to explain the recovery trends observed in our study.
机译：已经提出了纳米流体作为水力压裂液的潜在增强的采油剂和添加剂。然而，对于这些流体的有效性负有责任的机制尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们实验研究水性纳米流体对油/盐水/岩石系统的界面特性的协同作用及其在影响砂岩和碳酸盐岩样品驱油中的作用。通过将三种广泛使用的纳米颗粒（即SiOx，Al2O3和TiO2）和五种不同的化学试剂（即油酸，聚丙烯酸，阳离子，阴离子和非离子表面活性剂）分散在碱性盐水溶液中制备纳米流体。使用包括全面稳定性分析，IFT和润湿性表征以及在环境以及高压和高温条件下的油采收率测试（即分别进行自吸和岩心驱替实验）的框架来检查混合物的功效。 。通过稳定性分析确定了稳定的纳米流体对界面张力和动态接触角的影响。我们表明，在固体界面上的纳米聚集体和化学试剂的共吸附和自结构化导致润湿性改变。自发吸水和高压高温岩心驱替的结果均表明，由于纳米颗粒与表面活性剂分子之间的协同作用，SiOx +非离子表面活性剂纳米流体可有效提高Berea砂岩的采收率。相反，由于钙离子在高温下与纳米聚集体的溶解和相互作用，在Edwards石灰石中纳米流体的稳定性受到很大损害。在通过环境温度自吸和对碳酸盐岩心样品进行的高温岩心驱油实验获得的采油量之间的巨大差异中，可以明显看出这一点。最后，我们提供了关于纳米流体/油/岩石系统中界面相互作用的新见解，因为它们与润湿性改变，IFT降低以及碳酸盐岩石中钙等溶解离子的影响有关。我们使用这种更好的理解来解释我们研究中观察到的恢复趋势。

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