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An intermediate step to resource peripheries: The strategic coupling of gateway cities in the upstream oil and gas GPN

机译：资源外围的中间步骤：上游石油和天然气GPN中门户城市的战略耦合

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摘要

The actual extraction of natural resources is territorially tied to their geological occurrence. However, previous studies have shown that a direct strategic coupling with commodity source regions has become increasingly uncommon in the context of the contemporary organization of extractive industries. Instead, extractive Global Production Networks (GPNs) create an 'intermediate' step and bundle their activities in so called 'gateway cities' outside the resource periphery, from where they integrate the latter. Understanding the underlying rationales and the explicit functions that make these cities essential for the larger production network is crucial in order to understand the spatial configuration of the GPN and the (limited) opportunities for resource peripheries. This paper therefore explores the strategic coupling of two distinct gateway cities (Singapore, Jakarta) in the upstream oil and gas GPN. Based on 31 interviews the article highlights how varying state roles have shaped the spatial configuration of this particular GPN. While the Singaporean state contributed to 'holding down' the GPN by transforming its regional assets to the strategic needs of the industry, the 'detour' via Jakarta is a consequence of the regulator and producer role of the Indonesian state as well as the spatially unequally distributed institutional capacities across Indonesia. Both influences inhibit opportunities for economic development in commodity source regions.
机译：自然资源的实际开采在地域上与地质发生有关。但是，先前的研究表明，在当代采掘业组织的背景下，与商品来源地区进行直接战略耦合变得越来越罕见。取而代之的是，采掘性全球生产网络（GPN）创建了一个“中间”步骤，并将其活动捆绑在资源外围之外的所谓“门户城市”中，从那里将后者整合在一起。为了理解GPN的空间配置和资源外围的（有限）机会，了解使这些城市对于较大的生产网络必不可少的基本原理和显式功能至关重要。因此，本文探讨了上游油气GPN中两个不同的门户城市（新加坡，雅加达）的战略耦合。在31次采访的基础上，文章强调了不同的国家角色如何塑造了该特定GPN的空间配置。尽管新加坡政府通过将其区域资产转变为该行业的战略需求来为“压制” GPN做出了贡献，但通过雅加达进行“绕道”是印度尼西亚政府的监管者和生产者角色以及空间上不平等的结果在印度尼西亚各地分配机构能力。两种影响都抑制了商品来源地区经济发展的机会。

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