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Commodification of forest carbon: REDD + and socially embedded forest practices in Zanzibar

机译：森林碳商品化：桑给巴尔的REDD +和社会根植的森林实践

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摘要

In this article, we present an empirically based and critical investigation of the ways in which a Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD +) project in Zanzibar takes steps to establish the systems required to produce a forest carbon commodity eligible for sale in the global carbon market. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth knowledge about REDD + processes in Zanzibar, we discuss how the commodification of forest carbon is at odds with local norms, practices and social relations at local level in Zanzibar, and show how commodification processes - in a context of highly volatile carbon markets - creates new uncertainties and relations of dependence. We argue that, by converting the local forest into a source of one single commodity for sale ('forest carbon'), the project reduces the use value of the forest for local women and men, thus undermining the longer-term rationality inherent in local norms and socially embedded forest practices. We indicate that these also include norms that serve to protect forests. In the context of contemporary debates about the functioning of REDD+ and commodification of forest carbon more in general, this article contributes to enhance current understanding of REDD + practices and impacts at local level.
机译：在本文中，我们对桑给巴尔的“减少森林砍伐和森林退化所致排放量（REDD +）”项目采取的措施进行经验建立和批判性调查，这些方法建立了生产符合条件的森林碳商品所需的系统。全球碳市场。基于长期的民族志田野调查和对桑给巴尔岛REDD +流程的深入了解，我们讨论了森林碳商品化如何与桑给巴尔本地地方的规范，实践和社会关系相抵触，并展示了商品化过程-在高度波动的碳市场中-造成新的不确定性和依赖关系。我们认为，通过将当地森林转变为一种单一商品的销售来源（“森林碳”），该项目降低了森林对当地男女的使用价值，从而破坏了当地固有的长期合理性。规范和融入社会的森林实践。我们指出，这些还包括保护森林的准则。在关于REDD +的功能和更广泛的森林碳商品化的当代争论的背景下，本文有助于加深当前对REDD +做法及其对地方影响的理解。

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