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首页> 外文期刊>Annals of the American Association of Geographers >Embedding Carbon Markets: Complicating Commodification of Ecosystem Services in Mexico's Forests
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Embedding Carbon Markets: Complicating Commodification of Ecosystem Services in Mexico's Forests

机译：嵌入碳市场：在墨西哥森林中复杂化生态系统服务的商品

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Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are increasingly employed to address a range of environmental issues, including biodiversity conservation, watershed protection, and climate change mitigation. PES initiatives have gained momentum since the 1990s, and market enthusiasts have promoted them as not only cost effective but generative of social and ecological co-benefits for local communities. Whereas the neoliberalization and commodification of nature has been well explored in geographic and critical scholarship, there is a dearth of theoretically informed, empirically grounded research exploring the dynamics and outcomes of the formation of "markets for nature." Our study applies theories of commodification and embeddedness to examine these themes in comparative cases of two emergent markets for forest-based carbon offsetting initiatives in Mexico: Scolel Te in Chiapas and the Integrator of Indigenous and Campesino Communities of Oaxaca (ICICO). Although developed over similar time periods and in contiguous states, the two cases vary greatly in the degree to which carbon has been commodified and the markets embedded within the socionatural systems of the sites of production. Through detailed case studies, we demonstrate how interactions of these markets with preexisting social relations, institutions, and social and cultural values-the stuff of embeddedness-are critical for understanding the outcomes associated with markets for ecosystem services. We conclude that greater embeddedness is likely to lead to more positive local outcomes but that the embedding of forest-based carbon markets requires considerable time and extensive networks of nonmarket support and is furthermore dependent on the structure and orientation of finance and the political, institutional, and economic agrarian context of the sites of production.
机译：生态系统服务（PES）的付款越来越多地用于解决一系列环境问题，包括生物多样性保护，流域保护和气候变化缓解。自20世纪90年代以来，PES倡议获得了势头，市场爱好者促进了他们的成本效益，而是生成当地社区的社会和生态共同利益。鉴于地理和批判奖学金的新自由化和商品探讨了，而理论上探讨了理论上知识，经验基础的研究探索了“自然市场市场”的形成动态和结果。我们的研究适用于商品化和嵌入式的理论，在墨西哥森林碳抵消举措中的两个紧急市场中的比较案件中审查这些主题：ChiaPAS中的Coolel TE和瓦哈卡土着和坎帕斯诺群落的集成商（ICICO）。虽然在相似的时间段和连续状态下发展，但两种情况在碳已经被商品化的程度和嵌入了生产现场的社会气动系统内的市场的程度有很大差异很大。通过详细的案例研究，我们展示了这些市场与预先存在的社会关系，机构和社会关系，社会和文化价值观的互动 - 嵌入的东西 - 对理解与生态系统服务市场相关的结果至关重要。我们得出结论，更大的嵌入性可能导致更积极的地方结果，但嵌入林类碳市场的嵌入需要相当长的时间和广泛的非市场支持网络，而且还取决于金融和政治，制度的结构和方向，和经济农业地区的生产网站。

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