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Subsidized elephants: Community-based resource governance and environmental (in)justice in Namibia

机译：受补贴的大象：纳米比亚基于社区的资源治理和环境（司法）正义

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摘要

After independence, and in accordance with global environmental policies, the government of Namibia partly transferred the responsibility for managing wildlife and water to local communities. In this article, we use the concept of environmental justice as a theoretical guide to explore the combined effects that these new policies have had for pastoralists in arid, rural Namibia. We find, firstly, that partly due to conservation efforts, the elephant population has increased significantly. While a healthy elephant population supports exclusive, international tourism, the elephants are causing ever-increasing destruction at communal water points thus leading to increasing local financial costs. Only a small fraction of the revenues from community-based tourism, however, remains in the communities, and relatively few people profit from these revenues directly. Secondly, as new community-level sharing institutions for water emerge, pastoralists who are economically marginalized are subsidizing the financial costs of water for both their wealthy neighbours and the tourism industry. Looking at the combined effects of CBNRM policies for water and wildlife management, these policies are likely to lead to better resource management but greater economic inequality. To interpret these findings, we consider how CBNRM transforms landscapes and wildlife into global commodities. This process pulls communities into new common property regimes as well as towards privatization at the same time and helps to explain the social-ecological changes we observe.
机译：独立后，根据全球环境政策，纳米比亚政府将部分管理野生动植物和水的责任移交给了当地社区。在本文中，我们将环境正义的概念用作理论指导，以探索这些新政策对干旱的纳米比亚农村牧民的综合影响。我们首先发现，部分原因是由于保护工作，大象的数量大大增加了。虽然健康的大象种群支持独家的国际旅游，但大象在公共水位造成的破坏日益加剧，从而导致当地经济成本增加。但是，社区旅游的收入中只有一小部分留在社区中，很少有人直接从这些收入中获利。其次，随着新的社区级水资源共享机构的出现，在经济上处于边缘地位的牧民正在为其富裕的邻国和旅游业补贴水的财务成本。综观CBNRM政策在水和野生动植物管理方面的综合效果，这些政策可能会带来更好的资源管理，但会带来更大的经济不平等。为了解释这些发现，我们考虑CBNRM如何将景观和野生动植物转变为全球商品。这一过程使社区进入了新的共同财产制度，同时也朝着私有化迈进，并有助于解释我们观察到的社会生态变化。

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