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Migration and urban survival strategies in Windhoek, Namibia

机译：纳米比亚温得和克的移民与城市生存策略

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摘要

Based on recent research in Windhoek, this paper demonstrates that it is the well established and widespread social linkages that persist between rural and urban households that are central to the ability of poor urban households to survive. Whereas informal coping mechanisms that include borrowing, piecework and credit are pervasive in rural areas of Namibia, intra-urban sources of food are poorly developed, and outside of kinship circles, social networks within Windhoek are used sparingly, even in times of greatest need. In addition, urban agriculture plays a very limited role at present in urban food supply. The research demonstrates that urban households that are most vulnerable to hunger are those that have limited social connections to the rural areas, and must rely on intra-urban opportunities to get food (including borrowing, begging, piecework and crime). The most vulnerable are female-and male-headed households with no access to farm income and limited/irregular urban incomes. In contrast, those with active rural-urban linkages enjoy significant transfers of food from rural areas that offset hunger and vulnerability in the urban context. Urban-rural reciprocity is therefore not only a one-way movement of people and resources from the urban to the rural areas, but also a transfer of food from rural to urban households.
机译：基于对温得和克的最新研究，本文表明，城乡家庭之间存在的牢固且广泛的社会联系对于城市贫困家庭的生存能力至关重要。纳米比亚农村地区普遍存在非正式的应对机制，包括借贷，计件工作和信贷，城市内部的食物来源发展不佳，在亲属圈子之外，即使在最需要的时候，温得和克内部的社交网络也很少使用。此外，城市农业目前在城市食品供应中的作用非常有限。该研究表明，最容易遭受饥饿的城市家庭是与农村地区社会联系有限的家庭，必须依靠城市内部的机会获得食物（包括借贷，乞讨，计件工作和犯罪）。最易受伤害的是女性和男性为户主的家庭，他们无法获得农业收入，城市收入有限/不规则。相反，具有活跃的城乡联系的人们享受着农村地区大量粮食的转移，抵消了城市背景下的饥饿和脆弱性。因此，城乡互惠不仅是人员和资源从城市向农村地区的单向流动，而且是粮食从农村向城市家庭的转移。

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