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Topographic precursors and geological structures of deep-seated catastrophic landslides caused by Typhoon Talas

机译：台风塔拉斯引起的深部灾难性滑坡的地形前兆和地质结构

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Typhoon Talas crossed the Japanese Islands between 2 and 5 September 2011, causing more than 70 deep-seated catastrophic landslides in a Jurassic to Paleogene-lower Miocene accretion complex. Detailed examination of the topographic features of 10 large landslides before the event, recorded on 1 -m DEMs based on airborne laser scanner surveys, showed that all landslides had small scarps near their future crowns prior to the slide, and one landslide had linear depressions along its future crown as precursor topographic features. These scarps and linear depressions were caused by gravitational slope deformation that preceded the catastrophic failure. Although the scarps may have been enlarged by degradation, their sizes relative to the whole slopes suggest that minimal slope deformation had occurred in the period immediately before the catastrophic failure. The scarp ratio, defined as the ratio of length of a scarp to that of the whole slope both measured along the slope line, ranged from 5% to 21%. Careful examination of aerial photographs from another four large landslides, for which no high-resolution DEMs were available, suggested that they also developed scarps at their heads beforehand. Twelve of the 14 landslides we surveyed in the field had sliding surfaces with wedge-shaped discontinuities that consisted of faults and bedding, suggesting that the buildup of pore pressure occurs readily on wedge-shaped discontinuities in a gravitationally deformed rock body. Most of the faults were undulatory and were probably thrust faults that formed during accretion. Other types of gravitational deformation were also active; e.g., flexural toppling and buckling were observed to have preceded one landslide.
机译：塔拉斯台风于2011年9月2日至5日横渡日本群岛，在侏罗纪至古近纪-中新世增生复合体中造成了70多个深层灾难性滑坡。根据机载激光扫描仪的调查，在事件发生前的1米DEM上对10个大型滑坡的地形特征进行了详细检查，结果显示，所有滑坡在滑坡前的未来冠附近都具有小的陡坡，并且一个滑坡沿其线性凹陷它的未来冠冕作为前体地形特征。这些突变和线性凹陷是由灾难性破坏之前的重力斜坡变形引起的。尽管陡坡可能已因退化而扩大，但陡坡相对于整个坡度的大小表明，在灾难性破坏发生之前的那段时间内，坡度变形很小。沿陡坡线测量的陡坡率定义为陡坡长度与整个坡度的比率，范围为5％至21％。仔细检查来自另外四个大型滑坡的航拍照片（没有可用的高分辨率DEM）表明，它们也预先在其头部形成了陡坡。我们在野外调查的14个滑坡中，有12个的滑动面具有由断层和层理组成的楔形不连续面，这表明在重力变形的岩石体中，楔形不连续面容易产生孔隙压力。大多数断层是起伏的，可能是在增生过程中形成的逆冲断层。其他类型的重力变形也很活跃。例如，观察到弯曲倾覆和屈曲先于一次滑坡发生。

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