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首页> 外文期刊>Geomorphology >Tectonic geomorphology and structural architecture of eastern Sulaiman Fold Thrust Belt (SFTB) and adjacent Sulaiman Foredeep (SF), northwest Pakistan
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Tectonic geomorphology and structural architecture of eastern Sulaiman Fold Thrust Belt (SFTB) and adjacent Sulaiman Foredeep (SF), northwest Pakistan

机译：巴基斯坦西北部苏莱曼褶皱冲断带（SFTB）和邻近的苏莱曼Foredeep（SF）的构造地貌和结构构造

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摘要

This investigation combines a number of datasets to provide an enhanced and improved tectono-geomorphological framework with which to identify new possible structural lineaments in northwest Pakistan. The dataset includes satellite images and geographic information system (GIS) methods. The present study was carried out using the USGS ASTER DEM (30 m), Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) and surface field geology of the study area. Different band combinations, directional filters and principle component analysis (PCA) methods were used to identify the major structural styles and tectonic geomorphological pattern. The panchromatic band (Band-8) was applied to the Landsat 8 satellite images in order to increase the spatial resolution from 30 m to 15 m which aided in the investigation and comparative analysis of tectonic geomorphology and structural styles. Drainage patterns of Zindapir Anticline (ZA), Sakhi Sarwar (SS), Sulaiman Foredeep (SF) and Kingri Fault (KF) areas were generated using Strahler order of streams. The results suggested a combination of the dendritic network with a minor component of trellis pattern for ZP and SF areas, hence proposing a combined structural and stratigraphic/lithological control, whereas the KF area indicated an element of a rectangular pattern suggesting a more structural influence in the western part in comparison to the eastern region. The presence of water gaps (WaGs) and active drainage network indicate lateral growth and propagation directions of the ZP and SS frontal anticlines following the Paleocene Epoch. The geomorphic evidence coupled with satellite data show that the SFTB is tectonically active along with the adjacent SF. The stream courses are deflected or guided due to active folds and tectonics in the area characterized by the distinct fluvial erosional pattern on the flanks/limbs of ZA. Evidence from the study suggests that compressional deformation, uplift and erosion played a significant role in the shaping of the structural and depositional architecture of the basin. It is proposed that the deformation in the SFTB during the late Paleogene is related to the Indian-Eurasian oblique collision, while the subsequent late Tertiary collision of Indian Plate with the Afghan Block (an accreted part of southern Eurasia) further ensued compressive deformation. The results from this study elucidate the possible models proposed for this compressional regime with prevailing wrenching by presenting new data. The findings from this research reveal new tectono-geomorphological features and lineaments in the area that were not documented previously. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：这项研究结合了许多数据集，以提供增强和改进的构造-地貌学框架，从而识别巴基斯坦西北部新的可能构造构造。该数据集包括卫星图像和地理信息系统（GIS）方法。本研究使用USGS ASTER DEM（30 m），Landsat 8（OLI / TIRS）和研究区域的地表地质进行。利用不同的波段组合，定向滤波器和主成分分析（PCA）方法来识别主要的构造样式和构造地貌模式。为了将空间分辨率从30 m增加到15 m，将全色波段（Band-8）应用于Landsat 8卫星图像，这有助于对构造地貌和构造样式进行调查和比较分析。 Zindapir背斜线（ZA），Sakhi Sarwar（SS），Sulaiman Foredeep（SF）和Kingri Fault（KF）地区的排水模式是根据Strahler流的顺序生成的。结果表明，对于ZP和SF地区，树状网络与网格构图的较小组成部分相结合，因此提出了结构和地层/岩性控制的组合，而KF区域则表明是矩形构图的元素，暗示了更大的结构影响。西部地区与东部地区相比。水隙（WaGs）和活跃的排水网络的存在表明了古新世以后ZP和SS正面背斜的横向生长和传播方向。地貌证据加上卫星数据表明，SFTB与邻近的SF一起在构造上活跃。由于活跃的褶皱和构造，该地区的溪流路线被偏转或引导，该地区的特征是ZA的侧翼/四肢上有明显的河流冲刷型式。该研究的证据表明，压缩变形，隆升和侵蚀在盆地结构和沉积构造的形成中起着重要作用。有人认为，古近纪晚期SFTB的变形与印度-欧亚斜向碰撞有关，而随后印度板块与阿富汗块体（欧亚大陆南部的一个增生部分）的第三纪晚期碰撞进一步导致了压缩变形。这项研究的结果通过提供新的数据，阐明了针对这种压缩方案的建议模型。这项研究的发现揭示了该地区以前没有记载的新的构造-地貌特征和谱系。 （C）2019 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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