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On the accuracy of low-cost dual-frequency GNSS network receivers and reference data

机译：关于低成本双频GNSS网络接收机和参考数据的准确性

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The trend in spatial data accuracy has gone from meters to decimeters and even centimeter levels in the last two decades. In large part, the centimeter(s) level spatial accuracies of geospatial products result from the use of LiDAR data and both low altitude manned and unmanned aerial systems for imagery and for topographic and surface models. All these sources are dependent on high precision/accuracy GNSS technologies to achieve such accuracies. The cost of L1/L2 receivers capable of centimeter(s) level position accuracy has rapidly, in the last year, decreased from over $15k - $20k to (in early 2019) to about $300 (in 2020). Such recent low costs provide an economically affordable revolution in the use of centimeter(s) level accuracies in aerial remote sensing, ground support, field data collections, and classroom instruction with GNSS RTK technologies. Except for the marketing literature little is known about their performance in the typical applications of the remote sensing and GIS communities. How accurate are the new low-cost dual-frequency multi-constellation receivers? What is the reliability in typical landscapes and mountainous landscapes? Answers to these questions are important to control the bundle-adjustment in SfM approaches using ground control points, setting confidence limits in topographic change detection, collecting ground reference data, and evaluating orthoimagery. The problem of assessing performance in typical applications is the lack of a reference source of higher precision and accuracy than the low-cost GNSS receivers themselves. In this study, a low-cost receiver/antenna was evaluated using height modernization monuments in the National Geodetic Survey network. These monuments are typically of sub-centimeter positional accuracy. Thirty-six monuments in four piedmont counties of South Carolina were surveyed (in RTK FIX mode). Resulting accuracies for these typical environments were 2.2-cmRMSEin both horizontal and height dimensions. The 95% confidence level accuracies for the horizontal and height dimensions were 3.7-cm and 4.2-cm (95%), respectively. Performance tests in the South Carolina mountains revealed numerous issues with the low cost survey grade GNSS receiver (cellular connections, availability of reference sites, and satellite signal occlusion from mountains) that also plagues more expensive receivers.
机译：空间数据准确性的趋势已经从米到排比，在过去二十年中甚至厘米级。在很大程度上，地理空间产品的厘米水平空间精度是由于使用LIDAR数据以及用于图像和地形和表面型号的低空载有且无负担的空中系统。所有这些来源都取决于高精度/精度GNSS技术，以实现此类精度。在去年，厘米的L1 / L2接收器的成本迅速，从超过15K美元减少到（2019年初）到约300美元（在2020年）。这种最近的低成本在使用GNSS RTK技术的空中遥感，地面支持，现场数据收集和教室教学中使用厘米的经济实惠的革命。除了营销文献略微了解他们在遥感和GIS社区的典型应用中的表现。新的低成本双频多星座接收器有多准确？典型风景和山区风景的可靠性是多少？这些问题的答案对于使用地面控制点控制SFM方法中的捆绑调整是重要的，在地形变化检测中设置置信限制，收集地参考数据和评估正轨造面。评估典型应用中性能的问题是缺乏比低成本GNSS接收器本身更高的精度和准确性的参考来源。在本研究中，使用国家大地测量网络中的高度现代化纪念碑评估了低成本的接收器/天线。这些纪念碑通常具有亚厘米位置精度。调查了南卡罗来纳州四个皮埃蒙特县的三十六个纪念碑（在RTK修复模式下）。导致这些典型环境的精度为2.2-cmrmsein，水平和高度尺寸。水平和高度尺寸的95％置信水平的准确性分别为3.7厘米和4.2厘米（95％）。南卡罗来纳山脉的性能测试揭示了众多问题，具有低成本调查级GNSS接收器（蜂窝连接，参考站点的可用性和山脉的卫星信号闭塞），也困扰了更昂贵的接收器。

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