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The contact properties of naturally occurring geologic materials: experimental observations

机译：天然地质材料的接触特性：实验观察

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The discrete element method (DEM) is seeing widespread use in geotechnical applications and it is generally acknowledged that the validity of DEM simulations involving this class of materials depends critically on employing realistic contact laws. To support the development of such contact laws for common naturally occurring materials, we have conducted grain-to-grain contact experiments on several quartz sands, magnesite (limestone), crushed and ball-milled gneiss and ooids (precipitated calcium carbonate spheroids) and two reference materials (glass beads and the synthetic Delrin). Here we present the results of normal and shear contact experiments on these materials, with emphasis on the range of behavior encountered and aspects of behavior that deviate from current thinking on the topic. The development of contact laws based on the results presented herein, macroscopic frictional sliding and the implementation of the contact laws in DEM simulations are addressed in separate publications. The present experiments primarily examined the cyclic loading response, which allowed for a precise determination of normal and shear contact stiffness and loss compliances. Deformation generally consisted of elastic, anelastic and permanent components and the latter could be observed in shear prior to macroscopic sliding. Normal and shear stiffness ranged from 0.2-2.0 to 0.1-1.0 MN m(-1), respectively although the ratio of shear to normal stiffness for specific materials varied from 0.3 to approximate to 1. Frictional loss was observed to varying degrees in all of the contacts examined and internal friction in shear was found to be constant prior to the onset of permanent deformation. Internal friction ranged from barely perceptible to 0.1 for normal contacts and from 0.02 to 0.3 in shear. The modeling implications of the findings are examined as well.
机译：离散元素方法（DEM）在岩土工程中得到了广泛的应用，并且人们普遍认为，涉及此类材料的DEM模拟的有效性主要取决于采用实际的接触定律。为了支持这种常见自然材料的接触定律的发展，我们已经在几种石英砂，菱镁矿（石灰石），碾碎和球磨的片麻岩和卵石（沉淀的碳酸钙球体）和两种中进行了颗粒对谷物的接触实验。参考材料（玻璃珠和合成Delrin）。在这里，我们介绍了在这些材料上进行正常接触和剪切接触实验的结果，重点是遇到的行为范围以及与当前对该主题的看法有所不同的行为方面。在单独的出版物中介绍了基于此处介绍的结果进行的接触定律的开发，宏观摩擦滑动以及DEM模拟中接触定律的实现。本实验主要检查了循环载荷响应，从而可以精确确定法向和剪切接触的刚度和损耗顺应性。变形通常由弹性，非弹性和永久成分组成，后者可以在宏观滑动之前的剪切力中观察到。尽管特定材料的剪切刚度与正常刚度之比在0.3到1之间变化，但法向刚度和剪切刚度的范围分别为0.2-2.0到0.1-1.0 MN m（-1）。在开始永久变形之前，已检查的接触和剪切内摩擦被发现是恒定的。内摩擦的范围从正常接触几乎无法察觉到0.1，在剪切力范围从0.02到0.3。还研究了发现的建模含义。

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