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Heat-stress-induced programmed cell death in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

机译:热应激诱导的赤足杂种(Raphidophyceae)中的程序性细胞死亡

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Programmed cell death (PCD) was previously thought to only occur in metazoans. Recent studies have revealed PCD in yeast, prokaryotes, and some species of phytoplankton. However, the need for PCD assays with reliable controls currently limits the study of PCD in natural environments. We examined heat-stressed cultures of Heterosigma akashiwo (Y. Hada) Y. Hada ex Y. Hara and M. Chihara for DNA fragmentation (using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay), extemalization of phosphatidylserine residues (using Annexin-V) and caspase-like activity (using CaspACE and Caspase-Glo 8), which are all diagnostic of cells undergoing PCD but not necrosis. Additionally, we treated cultures with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK to rescue cells otherwise destined for death. Our results demonstrate the range of inducible responses of H. akashiwo to heat-stress: recovery from 35 ℃ heat-stress, PCD-induction due to 37 ℃ and 40 ℃ heat-stress, and necrotic death or cyst formation due to 50 ℃ heat-stress. The identification of a reliable inducer and markers for PCD provides key tools for further studies into the physiology and ecology of this harmful bloom-former.
机译:以前认为程序性细胞死亡(PCD)仅发生在后生动物中。最近的研究表明,酵母,原核生物和某些浮游植物中的PCD含量较高。但是,目前对具有可靠对照的PCD分析的需求限制了在自然环境中对PCD的研究。我们检查了高温胁迫下的杂种akashiwo(Y. Hada)Y. Hada前Y. Hara和M. Chihara的培养物的DNA片段化(使用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)测定),磷脂酰丝氨酸残基的去离子化(使用Annexin-V)和caspase-like活性(使用CaspACE和Caspase-Glo 8),均能诊断经历PCD但未坏死的细胞。此外,我们用广谱半胱天冬酶抑制剂z-VAD-FMK处理了培养物,以挽救原本打算死亡的细胞。我们的结果表明,赤子芥对热应激的诱导反应范围:从35℃热应激中恢复,由于37℃和40℃热应激引起PCD诱导,以及由于50℃热导致坏死或囊肿形成-强调。可靠的PCD诱导剂和标记物的鉴定为进一步研究这种有害水华形成剂的生理学和生态学提供了重要的工具。

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