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首页> 外文期刊>Harmful Algae >A strain of the toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum isolated from the East China Sea is an omnivorous phagotroph
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A strain of the toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum isolated from the East China Sea is an omnivorous phagotroph

机译：从东海分离的毒性Dinoflagelate Karlodinium Viseficum的菌株是一个杂乱的吞噬

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摘要

Karlodinium veneficum is a cosmopolitan, toxic, and harmful algal bloom-forming dinoflagellate, of which the mixotrophy has been suggested to be a key factor in the formation and maintaining of HABs and thus deserves more intensive explorations. Here, we report an investigation on the phagotrophy of K. veneficum using a clonal culture isolated from the coastal water of East China Sea. We found K. veneficum is an omnivorous phagotroph feeding on both live and dead bodies/cells of a fish (Oryzias melastigma), brine shrimp (Artemia salina), rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis), cocultivated microalgae Akashiwo sanguinea, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Alexandrium leei, Rhodomonas salina, Isochrysis galbana, and its own species. Karlodinium veneficum extracted the cell contents of all species provided through either a peduncle (i.e. myzocytosis) or by engulfing the whole cell of small preys (i.e. phagotrophy sensu stricto). Karlodinium veneficum preferred to ingest non-motile or newly dead preys, no matter whether they were fish, zooplankton, or phytoplankton. Importantly, K. veneficum exhibited micropredation on animals with sizes much larger than itself (fish, rotifer, and brine shrimp), especially when they were injured or newly dead. The LysoSensor- and LysoTracker-stained lysosomes or/and phagolysosomes of K. veneficum increased when preys were added. Cannibalism in K. veneficum, i.e. a cell feeds on other unhealthy or dead cells of the same species, was observed as the first time in the study, which can help the growth and elongated maintaining of the population under nutrient deficiency (i.e. the culture maintained viable in culture plates without nutrient supplement up to a year). The growth rate of K. veneficum exhibited significant positive correlation with ingestion rate, which differed among prey species, and the highest growth rate was observed when feeding on R. salina. The ingest ability of K. veneficum was triggered by nutrient deficiency. In conclusion, the omnivorous mixotrophy is proposed to be a key autecological mechanism for K. veneficum to widen its ecological niche and succeed in forming a cosmopolitan distribution and frequent blooms.
机译：Karlodinium Veneficum是一种过多的，有毒和有害的藻类盛开的林曲素，其中有人提出了混纺萎缩是形成和维持Habs的关键因素，因此应得更加强化探索。在这里，我们用克隆文化从东海沿海水分分离的克隆文化报告了K.VagoTophy的调查。我们发现K. Veneficum是一种杂乱的吞噬喂养鱼类（Oryzias melastigma），盐水虾（蒿咸菜），Rotiferated Microalgae akashiwo sanguinea，Margalefinium polykrikoides，亚历山大省，亚历山大学Rhodomonas Salina，Isochrysis Galbana及其自己的物种。 Karlodinium Veneficum通过花序循环（即肌肌细胞增多症）或通过吞噬小毛细血管的整个细胞（即吞噬细胞Sensuto）来提取所有物种的细胞内容物。无论是鱼，浮游动物还是浮游植物，无论是鱼类，浮游植物，还是浮游植物，都是优选摄取非运动或新死猎物。重要的是，K.Veficum在大小大于自身（鱼，轮虫和盐水虾）的动物上表现出微量化化，特别是当它们受伤或新死亡时。当加入射线时，K的溶酶体传式和溶血物染色的溶酶体或/和吞噬细胞血小杂物增加。 K.Veficum中的同类分析，即对同一物种的其他不健康或死细胞的细胞饲料，作为研究中的第一次，这可以帮助在营养缺陷下的生长和细长的群体（即维持培养物在没有营养素的培养板上可行，长达一年）。 K.Veficum的生长速率表现出与摄入率显着的阳性相关性，其在猎物物种中不同，并且在盐粉喂养时观察到最高的生长速率。通过营养缺乏引发K.Veficum的摄取能力。总之，省使的纺织萎缩是K.Veneficum的关键自我生态机制，以扩大其生态利基，并成功地形成了多次分布和频繁的绽放。

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  • 来源
    《Harmful Algae》 |2020年第3期|101775.1-101775.16|共16页
  • 作者

    Yang Huijiao; Hu Zhangxi; Shang Lixia; Deng Yunyan; Tang Ying Zhong;

  • 作者单位

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Oceanol CAS Key Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China|Qingdao Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China|Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China|Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Ocean Megasci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Oceanol CAS Key Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China|Qingdao Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China|Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Ocean Megasci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Oceanol CAS Key Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China|Qingdao Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China|Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Ocean Megasci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Oceanol CAS Key Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China|Qingdao Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China|Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Ocean Megasci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Oceanol CAS Key Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China|Qingdao Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China|Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Ocean Megasci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China;

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  • 关键词

    Karlodinium veneficum; Omnivorous mixotrophy; Myzocytosis; Micropredation; Cannibalism; Lysosome;

    机译：卡洛蒽醌;杂种纺织萎缩;肌细胞瘤;微量化化;同类食谱;溶酶体;

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