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Over 30 years of HABs in the Philippines and Malaysia: What have we learned?

机译：在菲律宾和马来西亚的30多年的Habs：我们学到了什么？

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In the Southeast Asian region, the Philippines and Malaysia are two of the most affected by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Using long-term observations of HAB events, we determined if these are increasing in frequency and duration, and expanding across space in each country. Blooms of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)-producing species in the Philippines did increase in frequency and duration during the early to mid-1990s, but have stabilized since then. However, the number of sites affected by these blooms continue to expand though at a slower rate than in the 1990s. Furthermore, the type of HABs and causative species have diversified for both toxic blooms and fish kill events. In contrast, Malaysia showed no increasing trend in the frequency of toxic blooms over the past three decades since Pyrodinium bahamense was reported in 1976. However, similar to the Philippines, other PST producers such as Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamiyavanichii have become a concern. No amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) has been confirmed in either Philippines or Malaysia thus far, while ciguatera fish poisoning cases are known from the Philippines and Malaysia but the causative organisms remain poorly studied. Since the 1990s and early 2000s, recognition of the distribution of other PST-producing species such as species of Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum in Southeast Asia has grown, though there has been no significant expansion in the known distributions within the last decade. A major more recent problem in the two countries and for Southeast Asia in general are the frequent fish-killing algal blooms of various species such as Prorocentrum cordatum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Chattonella spp., and unarmored dinoflagellates (e. g., Karlodinium australe and Takayama sp.). These new sites affected and the increase in types of HABs and causative species could be attributed to various factors such as introduction through mariculture and eutrophication, and partly because of increased scientific awareness. These connections still need to be more concretely investigated. The link to the El Nin?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) should also be better understood if we want to discern how climate change plays a role in these patterns of HAB occurrences.
机译：在东南亚地区，菲律宾和马来西亚是有害藻类盛开（HABS）受影响最大的两个。使用HAB事件的长期观测，我们确定这些是否在频率和持续时间内增加，并且在每个国家的空间中扩展。菲律宾中的瘫痪贝类毒素毒素（PST） - 菲律宾的物种在20世纪90年代初期的频率和持续时间内增加，但自那时候已经稳定了。然而，受这些盛开影响的网站数量继续扩展，速度比20世纪90年速度较慢。此外，HABS和致病物种的类型对于毒性绽放和鱼类杀死事件多样化。相比之下，自1976年报道，马来西亚在过去三十年中没有增加毒性盛开频率的趋势。但是，类似于菲律宾，其他PST生产商如亚历山大学和亚历山大·塔米凡奇（Tamiyavanichii）已成为一个问题。菲律宾或马来西亚没有在菲律宾或马来西亚证实，而不是野生动物中毒病例，而菲律宾和马来西亚仍然已知艾美族贝类中毒（ASP）已知，但致病生物仍然仍然难以研究。自20世纪90年代和2000年代初期以来，对东南亚的亚历山大学和裸戒产量等物种的识别出现了其他PST生品的分布，但在过去十年中没有显着扩张。这两国和东南亚的一个主要问题一般是常见的鱼类杀戮藻类盛开，如鼠泊腊肠，马来黄尼鎓Polykrikoides，Chattonella spp，和unwormored dinoflagelates（例如，karlodinium和takayama sp。 ）。这些新的网站受影响的新网站和疾病类型的增加和致病物种可能归因于通过海水养殖和富营养化引入的各种因素，部分原因是提高了科学意识。这些连接仍然需要更具体地说。如果我们想要辨别气候变化如何在这些HAB发生模式中发挥作用，也应更好地理解南振荡（ENSO）的链接。

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