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Thinking Outside the Smarties Box: A Broader Perspective on Theory of Mind

机译：聪明人之外的思维：心智理论的更广阔视野

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It has been 30 years since Premack and Woodruff [1978] published the first experimental investigation of the false-belief task, considered by many to be the conceptual litmus test for a theory of mind. In the years following Premack and Woodruff's seminal article, theory-of-mind research has undergone tremendous growth, both in depth and in breadth. With respect to depth, researchers now have a wealth of information regarding the development of children's reasoning about the mental states - beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions - that form the core of a mature theory of mind. In terms of breadth, researchers have investigated connections between children's developing theory of mind and the development of language [e.g., Asting-ton & Baird, 2005], executive function [e.g., Carlson, Mandell, & Williams, 2004], school readiness [e.g., Astington & Pelletier, 2005], positive social skills [e.g., Watson, Nixon, Wilson, & Capage, 1999], and moral reasoning [e.g., Baird & Astington, 2004]. These research trajectories have been successful in highlighting important connections among different aspects of children's social and cognitive development. However, changes in the empirical approach to theory of mind have not always been met with changes in its conceptual framework. This is where Wellman and Miller come in, arguing for a broader conceptualization of theory of mind, one that includes deontic reasoning.
机译：自Premack和Woodruff [1978]发表关于错误信念任务的第一项实验研究以来已有30年了，许多人认为这是对心理理论的概念检验。在普雷马克（Premack）和伍德拉夫（Woodruff）开创性文章之后的几年中，思想理论研究的深度和广度都得到了巨大的增长。关于深度，研究人员现在掌握了有关儿童关于心理状态的推理（信念，欲望，意图，情感）发展的大量信息，这些信息构成了成熟的心理理论的核心。在广度方面，研究人员研究了儿童发展的思维理论与语言发展之间的联系[例如，Asting-ton＆Baird，2005]，执行功能[例如，Carlson，Mandell和Williams，2004]，入学准备[例如，Astington和Pelletier，2005年；积极的社交技能（例如，Watson，Nixon，Wilson和Capage，1999年）以及道德推理（例如，Baird和Astington，2004年）。这些研究轨迹成功地突显了儿童社会和认知发展各个方面之间的重要联系。但是，心智理论的经验方法的变化并不总是与概念框架的变化相适应。这就是Wellman和Miller进来的地方，他们主张对心智理论进行更广泛的概念化，其中包括道义推理。

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