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Policies, Political-Economy, and Swidden in Southeast Asia

机译：东南亚的政策，政治经济与潮流

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摘要

For centuries swidden was an important farming practice found across the girth of Southeast Asia. Today, however, these systems are changing and sometimes disappearing at a pace never before experienced. In order to explain the demise or transitioning of swidden we need to understand the rapid and massive changes that have and are occurring in the political and economic environment in which these farmers operate. Swidden farming has always been characterized by change, but since the onset of modern independent nation states, governments and markets in Southeast Asia have transformed the terms of swiddeners’ everyday lives to a degree that is significantly different from that ever experienced before. In this paper we identified six factors that have contributed to the demise or transformation of swidden systems, and support these arguments with examples from China (Xishuangbanna), Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These trends include classifying swiddeners as ethnic minorities within nation-states, dividing the landscape into forest and permanent agriculture, expansion of forest departments and the rise of conservation, resettlement, privatization and commoditization of land and land-based production, and expansion of market infrastructure and the promotion of industrial agriculture. In addition we note a growing trend toward a transition from rural to urban livelihoods and expanding urban-labor markets.
机译：几个世纪以来，在整个东南亚地区，轮耕都是一种重要的耕作方式。但是，今天，这些系统正在变化，有时以前所未有的速度消失。为了解释被掠夺者的灭亡或过渡，我们需要了解这些农民经营所在的政治和经济环境中已经发生和正在发生的迅速而巨大的变化。轮耕农业一直以变化为特征，但是自从现代独立的民族国家出现以来，东南亚的政府和市场已将轮虫的日常生活条件改变到与以往任何时候都大不相同的程度。在本文中，我们确定了六个因素，这些因素导致了陷入困境的系统的灭亡或转型，并以中国（西双版纳），老挝，泰国，马来西亚和印度尼西亚为例，支持了这些论点。这些趋势包括将sw虫分类为民族国家内的少数民族，将景观分为森林和永久性农业，森林部门扩大以及土地和土地生产的保护，重新安置，私有化和商品化以及市场基础设施的扩大以及促进工业农业。此外，我们注意到从乡村生活向城市生活过渡以及城市劳动力市场不断扩大的趋势。

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