The Role of Community and Individuals in the Formation of Social Capital

Ricardo Godoy; Victoria Reyes-García; Tomás Huanca; William R. Leonard; Ramona G. Olvera; Jonathan Bauchet; Zhao Ma; Jonathan St. John; Marisa Miodowski; Oscar Zapata Rios; Vincent Vadez; Craig Seyfreid

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The Role of Community and Individuals in the Formation of Social Capital

机译：社区和个人在社会资本形成中的作用

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Because social capital shapes many desirable socioeconomic outcomes, we ask what incentives drive private investments in social capital. We estimate the association between private investments in social capital (outcome variable) and the following explanatory variables: (a) individual-level variables from an optimal investment model, (b) spillovers from group social capital, (c) village income inequality, and (d) market openness. We draw on information from Tsimane’, a native Amazonian society of foragers and farmers in Bolivia, and equate social capital with gifts, help given, and communal labor offered by the household. Age bore an inverted U-shaped and income bore a positive association with social capital, but geographic mobility, wealth, and schooling bore no significant association with social capital. We found strong group-level associations even after instrumenting social capital; the association probably stems from strong kinship ties which tend to blur the line between the group and the individual. Village measures of social capital were positively and significantly associated with private investments in social capital. We found some evidence that village income inequality and market openness were negatively associated with private investments in social capital.

机译：由于社会资本塑造了许多理想的社会经济成果，因此我们要问什么诱因促使私人投资社会资本。我们估计社会资本的私人投资（结果变量）与以下解释变量之间的关联：（a）来自最优投资模型的个人水平变量，（b）来自团体社会资本的溢出，（c）村庄收入不平等，以及（四）市场开放度。我们利用Tsimane’的信息，Tsimane是玻利维亚的亚马逊地区觅食者和农民的本地社团，并将社会资本与礼物，给予的帮助和家庭提供的公共劳动等同起来。年龄呈倒U型，收入与社会资本呈正相关，但是地理流动性，财富和教育程度与社会资本无显着关联。即使在使用社会资本后，我们也发现了强大的团体级别的协会。这种联系可能源于牢固的亲属关系，这往往会模糊团体与个人之间的界限。乡村社会资本测度与私人对社会资本的投资具有显着正相关。我们发现一些证据表明，村庄的收入不平等和市场开放与私人投资于社会资本负相关。

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来源
《Human Ecology》 |2007年第6期|709-721|共13页
作者
Ricardo Godoy; Victoria Reyes-García; Tomás Huanca; William R. Leonard; Ramona G. Olvera; Jonathan Bauchet; Zhao Ma; Jonathan St. John; Marisa Miodowski; Oscar Zapata Rios; Vincent Vadez; Craig Seyfreid;
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作者单位

Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambiental Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Bellatera Barcelona Spain;

Department of Anthropology Northwestern University Evanston IL USA;

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正文语种 eng
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关键词
Social capital; generosity; pro-social behavior; Bolivia; Tsimane’;

机译：社会资本;慷慨;亲社会行为;玻利维亚;Tsimane’;

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1. The role of community and individuals in the formation of social capital [J] . Godoy R, Reyes-Garcia V, Huanca T, Human Ecology . 2007,第6期

机译：社区和个人在社会资本形成中的作用
2. Social relations or social capital? Individual and community health effects of bonding social capital. [J] . Poortinga W Social science and medicine . 2006,第1期

机译：社会关系还是社会资本？凝聚社会资本对个人和社区的健康影响。
3. Transforming Individual Civic Engagement into Community Collective Efficacy: The Role of Bonding Social Capital [J] . Collins Charles R., Neal Jennifer Watling, Neal Zachary P. American journal of community psychology . 2014,第3a4期

机译：将个人的公民参与转变为社区集体效能：束缚社会资本的作用
4. A Social Capital Perspective to Understand Individual Contribution of Social Support in Healthcare Virtual Support Communities [C] . Kuang-Yuan Huang, Chengalur-Smith I. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences . 2014

机译：社会资本视角，以了解医疗保健虚拟支持社区中社会支持的个人贡献
5. Social capital and community philanthropy: The impact of social trust and social networks on individual charitable behavior and community foundation development. [D] . Wang, Lili. 2007

机译：社会资本和社区慈善事业：社会信任和社会网络对个人慈善行为和社区基金会发展的影响。
6. What Matters Most for Community Social Capital among Older Adults Living in Urban China: The Role of Health and Family Social Capital [O] . Jingyue Zhang, Nan Lu 2019

机译：在中国城市老年人中社区社会资本最重要的问题：健康和家庭社会资本的作用
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

The Role of Community and Individuals in the Formation of Social Capital

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