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Actual evapotranspiration estimation by ground and remote sensing methods: the Australian experience

机译：通过地面和遥感方法估算的实际蒸散量：澳大利亚的经验

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摘要

On average, Australia is a dry continent with many competing uses for water. Hence, there is an urgent need to know actual evapotranspiration (ETa) patterns across wide areas of agricultural and natural ecosystems, as opposed to just point measurements of ETa. The Australian Government has tasked the science agencies with operationally developing monthly and annual estimates of ETa and other hydrological variables, and with forecasting water availability over periods of days to decades, as part of its national water assessment programme. To meet these needs, Australian researchers have become leaders in developing large-area methods for estimating ETa at regional and continental scales. Ground methods include meteorological models, eddy covariance towers, sap flow sensors and catchment water balance models. Remote sensing methods use thermal infrared, mid infrared and/or vegetation indices usually combined with meteorological data to estimate ETa. Ground and remote sensing ETa estimates are assimilated into the Australian Water Resource Assessment, which issues annual estimates of the state of the continental water balance for policy and planning purposes. The best ETa models are estimated to have an error or uncertainty of 10% to 20% in Australia. Developments in Australian ETa research over the past 20 years are reviewed, and sources of error and uncertainty in current methods and models are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
机译：平均而言，澳大利亚是一个干燥的大陆，在用水方面有许多竞争性用途。因此，与ETA的单点测量相反，迫切需要了解农业和自然生态系统广泛区域的实际蒸散量（ETa）模式。作为其国家水评估计划的一部分，澳大利亚政府已责成科学机构在业务上制定ETA和其他水文变量的月度和年度估算值，并预测数天至数十年期间的可用水量。为了满足这些需求，澳大利亚研究人员已成为开发大面积方法来估算区域和大陆范围内的ETa的领导者。地面方法包括气象模型，涡流协方差塔，树液流量传感器和集水区水平衡模型。遥感方法通常使用热红外，中红外和/或植被指数与气象数据相结合来估算ETa。地面和遥感ETa估计值被纳入澳大利亚水资源评估，该评估每年发布大陆水平衡状况的估计值，以用于政策和规划目的。在澳大利亚，最好的ETa模型估计有10％到20％的误差或不确定性。回顾了过去20年来澳大利亚ETa研究的进展，并讨论了当前方法和模型中误差和不确定性的来源。版权所有©2011 John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd.

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