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首页> 外文期刊>ICES Journal of Marine Science >A review of the impacts of fisheries on open-ocean ecosystems
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A review of the impacts of fisheries on open-ocean ecosystems

机译：渔业对开放海洋生态系统的影响的回顾

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Open-ocean fisheries expanded rapidly from the 1960s through the 1980s, when global fish catches peaked, plateaued and possibly began to decline. While catches remain at best stagnant, fishing effort globally continues to increase. The likelihood of ecosystem impacts occurring due to fishing is related to fishing effort and is thus also expected to be increasing. Despite this rapid growth, ecological research into the impacts of fisheries on open-ocean environments has lagged behind coastal and deep-sea environments. This review addresses this knowledge gap by considering the roles fisheries play in controlling the open-ocean at three ecological scales: (i) species (population or stock); (ii) biological community; and (iii) ecosystem. We find significant evidence for top-down control at the species and community scales. While evidence of ecosystem-level impacts in the open-ocean were not explicit in the literature, we provide examples of these impacts in several marine pelagic systems and encourage further research at this ecological scale. At the species level, fishing can reduce abundance, and alter physiology and life history traits, which, in turn, affect the functional role of the species within the biological community. Fishing may also induce changes to open-ocean community trophodynamics, and reduce biodiversity and resilience in open-ocean ecosystems. Our ability to manage open-ocean ecosystems has significant implications for provisioning of ecosystem services and food security. However, we posit that the monitoring required to assure the sustainability of open-ocean ecosystems is not being undertaken, and will require coordination with the Global Ocean Observing System, industry, and academia.
机译：开放海洋渔业从1960年代到1980年代迅速发展，当时全球鱼类产量达到顶峰，停滞甚至可能开始下降。尽管渔获物停滞不前，但全球捕捞努力仍在继续增加。由于捕捞而产生的生态系统影响的可能性与捕捞努力有关，因此预计也会增加。尽管增长迅速，但对渔业对开放海洋环境影响的生态研究仍落后于沿海和深海环境。这项审查通过考虑渔业在三个生态规模上控制开放海洋的作用来解决这一知识鸿沟：（i）物种（种群或种群）； （ii）生物群落； （iii）生态系统。我们发现在物种和群落规模上自上而下进行控制的重要证据。虽然在文献中没有明确公开海洋中生态系统水平影响的证据，但我们提供了在几个海洋中上层系统中这些影响的示例，并鼓励在此生态规模上进行进一步研究。在物种一级，捕捞可减少鱼类的丰度，并改变其生理和生活史特征，进而影响该物种在生物群落中的功能作用。捕捞也可能导致开放海洋群落营养动力学发生变化，并降低开放海洋生态系统中的生物多样性和复原力。我们管理开放海洋生态系统的能力对提供生态系统服务和粮食安全具有重大影响。但是，我们认为没有进行确保开放海洋生态系统可持续性所需的监控，并且将需要与全球海洋观测系统，行业和学术界进行协调。

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