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A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era

机译：简要回顾史前至近代世界各地人口对龙虾的利用

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摘要

Lobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as "food for the poor" in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.
机译：龙虾是遍及全球的重要资源，可提供粮食安全，就业和贸易商品。海洋生物学家通常将重点放在渔业的现代影响上，而在这里，我们探索直到20世纪上半叶，史前人类和古代文明对龙虾的开采的悠久历史。使用龙虾的证据包括mid遗，艺术品，手工艺品，有关龙虾的著作以及描述土著人民捕鱼习惯的书面资料。考古发掘现场的证据可能存在偏差，因为龙虾壳相对较薄，在大多数中等土壤中容易降解。在某些情况下，它们可能被用作农作物的肥料，而不是倾倒在中间。龙虾是沿海早期人民的宝贵粮食和经济资源，古希腊和罗马地中海文明积累了有关其生物学和渔业的丰富知识。在与欧洲接触之前，美洲，南部非洲，澳大利亚和新西兰的土著社会以看似可持续的水平利用龙虾，即使其他鱼类和软体动物也可能被过度捕捞。所有书面记录都表明，即使存在大量大型底栖鱼类捕食者，沿海龙虾种群也很密集，而且龙虾比目前大得多。龙虾在17和18世纪的欧洲以及北美的部分地区被誉为“穷人的食物”，但在19世纪中叶却成为一种时尚的海鲜商品。需求旺盛，改进了渔具和渔船，加大了捕捞力度，保护和长途运输也取得了进步。到20世纪初，许多地方的沿海种群被过度捕捞，龙虾的平均大小大大减少。随着过度捕捞，试图规范渔业的尝试随着时间的流逝而变化，但收效甚微。

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  • 来源
    《ICES Journal of Marine Science》 |2015年第1期|i7-i21|共15页
  • 作者

    Spanier Ehud; Lavalli Kari L.; Goldstein Jason S.; Groeneveld Johan C.; Jordaan Gareth L.; Jones CliveM.; Phillips Bruce F.; Bianchini Marco L.; Kibler Rebecca D.; Diaz David; Mallol Sandra; Goni Raquel; van Der Meeren Gro I.; Agnalt Ann-Lisbeth; Behringer Donald C.; Keegan William F.; Jeffs Andrew;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Haifa, Leon H Charney Sch Marine Sci, Leon Recanati Inst Maritime Studies, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel|Univ Haifa, Leon H Charney Sch Marine Sci, Dept Maritime Civilizat, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel;

    Boston Univ, Coll Gen Studies, Div Nat Sci & Math, Boston, MA 02215 USA;

    Univ Haifa, Leon H Charney Sch Marine Sci, Leon Recanati Inst Maritime Studies, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel|Univ Haifa, Leon H Charney Sch Marine Sci, Dept Maritime Civilizat, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel|Univ New Hampshire, Dept Biol Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA;

    Oceanog Res Inst, ZA-4056 Durban, South Africa;

    Oceanog Res Inst, ZA-4056 Durban, South Africa;

    James Cook Univ, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Cairns, Qld, Australia;

    Curtin Univ, Environm & Agr, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;

    Italian Natl Res Council, CNR, IAMC, I-91026 Mazara Del Vallo, TP, Italy;

    Univ Haifa, Leon H Charney Sch Marine Sci, Leon Recanati Inst Maritime Studies, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel|Univ Haifa, Leon H Charney Sch Marine Sci, Dept Maritime Civilizat, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel;

    CSIC, Inst Ciencias Mar, Dept Biol Marina & Oceanog, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain|Inst Espanol Oceanog, Ctr Oceanog Baleares, Palma de Mallorca 07015, Spain;

    Inst Espanol Oceanog, Ctr Oceanog Baleares, Palma de Mallorca 07015, Spain;

    Inst Espanol Oceanog, Ctr Oceanog Baleares, Palma de Mallorca 07015, Spain;

    Inst Marine Res, Austevoll Res Stn, NO-5392 Storebo, Norway;

    Inst Marine Res, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway;

    Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Program Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL USA|Univ Florida, Emerging Pathogens Inst, Gainesville, FL USA;

    Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA;

    Univ Auckland, Inst Marine Sci, Leigh Marine Lab, Warkworth 0985, New Zealand;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    Africa; Americas; ancient era; Australia; Europe; fisheries; human utilization; lobsters; Mediterranean; middle ages; modern era; New Zealand; prehistory; zoo-archaeology;

    机译：非洲;美洲;古代;澳大利亚;欧洲;渔业;人类利用;龙虾;地中海;中世纪;近代;新西兰;史前史;动物考古学;

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