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Filling Voids in Elevation Models Using a Shadow-Constrained Convolutional Neural Network

机译:使用阴影约束卷积神经网络填充高程模型中的空隙

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We explore the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for filling voids in digital elevation models (DEM). We propose a baseline approach using a fully convolutional network to predict complete from incomplete DEMs, which is trained in a supervised fashion. We then extend this to a shadow-constrained CNN (SCCNN) by introducing additional loss functions that encourage the restored DEM to adhere to geometric constraints implied by cast shadows. At the training time, we use automatically extracted cast shadow maps and known sun directions to compute the shadow-based supervisory signal in addition to the direct DEM supervision. At the test time, our network directly predicts restored DEMs from an incomplete DEM. One key advantage of our SCCNN model is that it is characterized by both CNN data inference and geometric shadow cues. It thus avoids data restoration that may violate shadowing conditions. Both our baseline CNN and SCCNN outperform the inverse distance weighting (IDW)-based interpolation method, with the shadow supervision enabling SCCNN to obtain the best performance.
机译:我们探索使用卷积神经网络(CNNS)来填充数字高度模型(DEM)中的空隙。我们提出了一种基线方法,使用完全卷积的网络预测从不完整的DEM完成,这些方法是以监督方式培训的。然后,我们通过引入额外的损耗函数来将其扩展到阴影约束的CNN(SCCNN),该丢失函数鼓励恢复的DEM粘附到由铸造阴影暗示的几何约束。在培训时间,我们使用自动提取的铸造阴影贴图和已知的太阳指示来计算基于阴影的监控信号,除了直接DEM监控。在测试时间,我们的网络直接预测来自不完整的DEM的恢复DEM。我们的SCCNN模型的一个关键优势在于它的特征在于CNN数据推断和几何阴影线索。因此,避免了可能违反阴影条件的数据恢复。我们的基线CNN和SCCNN都优于与基于逆距离加权(以幂)的插值方法更优于逆距离加权方法,使SCON监督能够获得最佳性能。

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