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首页> 外文期刊>IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters >Modeling the Water Bottom Geometry Effect on Peak Time Shifting in LiDAR Bathymetric Waveforms
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Modeling the Water Bottom Geometry Effect on Peak Time Shifting in LiDAR Bathymetric Waveforms

机译：在LiDAR水深波形中模拟水底几何形状对峰值时移的影响

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摘要

Bathymetry is usually determined using the positions of the water surface and the water bottom peaks of the green LiDAR waveform. The water bottom peak characteristics are known to be sensitive to the bottom slope, which induces pulse stretching. However, the effects of a more complex bottom geometry within the footprint below semitransparent media are less understood. In this letter, the effects of the water bottom geometry on the shifting of the bottom peaks in the waveforms were modeled. For the sake of simplicity, the bottom geometry is modeled as a $1D$ sequence of successive contiguous segments with various slopes. The positions of the peaks in waveforms were deduced using a conventional peak detection process on simulated waveforms. The waveforms were simulated using the existing Wa-LID waveform simulator, which was extended in this study to account for a $1D$ complex bottom geometry. An experimental design using various water depths, bottom slopes, and LiDAR footprint sizes according to the design of satellite sensors was used for the waveform simulation. Power laws that explained the peak time shifting as a function of the footprint size and the water bottom slope were approximated. Peak shifting induces a bias in the bathymetry estimates that is based on a peak detection of up to 92% of the true water depth. This bias may also explain the frequent underestimation of the water depth from bathymetric airborne LiDAR surveys observed in various empirical studies.
机译：通常使用绿色LiDAR波形的水面位置和水底峰确定测深法。已知水底峰特征对底坡敏感，这会引起脉冲展宽。但是，人们对半透明介质下方足迹内更复杂的底部几何形状的影响了解得很少。在这封信中，模拟了水底几何形状对波形中底峰移动的影响。为了简单起见，将底部几何图形建模为具有各种斜率的连续连续段的$ 1D $序列。使用常规的峰值检测过程在模拟波形上推导波形中的峰值位置。使用现有的Wa-LID波形模拟器对波形进行了仿真，该波形模拟器在本研究中得到扩展，以解决$ 1D $复杂底部几何形状的问题。根据卫星传感器的设计，使用了各种水深，底部坡度和LiDAR足迹尺寸的实验设计，用于波形仿真。解释了峰值时间偏移随足迹尺寸和水底坡度变化的幂律。峰值移动会导致测深法估计值出现偏差，该偏差基于对真实水深的多达92％的峰值检测。这种偏见也可能解释了在各种经验研究中观察到的水深航空LiDAR调查中水深经常被低估的原因。

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