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Phase shift variance imaging - a new technique for destructive microbubble imaging

机译：相移方差成像-破坏性微气泡成像的新技术

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摘要

The detection of microbubble contrast agents with ultrasound imaging techniques is the subject of ongoing research. Commonly, the nonlinear response of the agent is employed for detection. The performance of these techniques is, however, affected by nonlinear sound propagation. As an alternative, the change in echo response resulting from microbubble destruction can be employed to detect the agent. In this work, we propose a novel criterion for microbubble destruction detection that allows the rejection of tissue at a defined significance level even for highly echogenic structures in the presence of nonlinear propagation. Most clinical systems provide the hardware requirements for acquisitions consisting of multiple pulses transmitted at the same position, as used in Doppler imaging. Therefore, we develop a processing strategy that distinguishes contrast agent from other stationary or moving structures using these sequences. The proposed criterion is based on the variance of the phase shift of consecutive echoes in the sequence, which, in addition to tissue rejection, permits the distinction of motion from agent disruption. Phantom experiments are conducted to show the validity of the criterion and demonstrate the performance of the new method for contrast detection. Each detection series consists of 20 identical pulses at 9.5 MHz (4.7 MPa peak negative pressure) transmitted at a pulse repetition frequency of 5 kHz. The sequence is applied to phantoms under varied motion and flow conditions. As a first step toward molecular imaging, the technique is applied to microbubbles targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in vitro. The results show a uniform rejection of the background signal while maintaining a contrast enhancement by more than 40 dB. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve is used as the performance metric for the separation of contrast agent and tissue signals, and values larger than 97% demonstrate tha- an excellent separation was achieved.
机译：用超声成像技术检测微泡造影剂是正在进行的研究的主题。通常，将试剂的非线性响应用于检测。但是，这些技术的性能会受到非线性声音传播的影响。作为替代方案，可以采用由微泡破坏引起的回声响应变化来检测试剂。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种用于微泡破坏检测的新标准，该标准即使在存在非线性传播的情况下，即使对于高度回声的结构，也可以在定义的显着水平上拒绝组织。如多普勒成像中所使用的，大多数临床系统都提供了由在相同位置发送的多个脉冲组成的采集的硬件要求。因此，我们开发了一种使用这些序列将造影剂与其他固定或移动结构区分开来的处理策略。提出的标准基于序列中连续回波的相移方差，除了组织排斥之外，还允许将运动与试剂破坏区分开。进行了幻影实验以证明该标准的有效性，并证明了这种新的对比检测方法的性能。每个检测系列由9.5 MHz（峰值负压4.7 MPa）的20个相同脉冲组成，并以5 kHz的脉冲重复频率发送。该序列应用于变化的运动和流动条件下的体模。作为迈向分子成像的第一步，该技术已应用于体外靶向血管内皮生长因子受体2（VEGFR2）的微泡。结果显示背景信号的均匀抑制，同时保持对比度增强超过40 dB。接收器工作特性（ROC）曲线下方的面积用作造影剂和组织信号分离的性能指标，并且值大于97％证明可以实现出色的分离。

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