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首页> 外文期刊>IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control >Nonlinear propagation of ultrasound through microbubble contrast agents and implications for imaging
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Nonlinear propagation of ultrasound through microbubble contrast agents and implications for imaging

机译：超声波通过微泡造影剂的非线性传播及其成像意义

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Microbubble contrast agents produce nonlinear echoes under ultrasound insonation, and current imaging techniques detect these nonlinear echoes to generate contrast agent images accordingly. For these techniques, there is a potential problem in that bubbles along the ultrasound transmission path between transducer and target can alter the ultrasound transmission nonlinearly and contribute to the nonlinear echoes. This can lead to imaging artefacts, especially in regions at depth. In this paper we provide insight, through both simulation and experimental measurement, into the nonlinear propagation caused by microbubbles and the implications for current imaging techniques. A series of investigations at frequencies below, at, and above the resonance frequency of microbubbles were performed. Three specific effects on the pulse propagation (i.e., amplitude attenuation, phase changes, and harmonic generation) were studied. It was found that all these effects are dependent on the initial pulse amplitude, and their dependence on the initial phase of the pulse is shown to be insignificant. Two types of imaging errors are shown to result from this nonlinear propagation: first, that tissue can be misclassified as microbubbles; second, the concentration of microbubbles in the image can be misrepresented. It is found that these imaging errors are significant for all three pulse frequencies when the pulses transmit through a microbubble suspension of 6 cm in path length. It also is found that the first type of error is larger at the bubble resonance frequency
机译：微泡造影剂在超声声波作用下产生非线性回波，并且当前的成像技术检测到这些非线性回波以相应地生成造影剂图像。对于这些技术，存在潜在的问题，即沿着换能器和目标之间的超声传输路径的气泡会非线性地改变超声传输并导致非线性回波。这可能会导致成像伪像，尤其是在深处。在本文中，我们将通过仿真和实验测量来洞察由微气泡引起的非线性传播及其对当前成像技术的影响。在低于，高于和高于微泡共振频率的频率下进行了一系列研究。研究了对脉冲传播的三个特定影响（即幅度衰减，相位变化和谐波产生）。已经发现，所有这些影响都取决于初始脉冲幅度，并且它们对脉冲的初始相位的依赖被证明是微不足道的。这种非线性传播显示出两种类型的成像误差：第一，该组织可以被错误地分类为微气泡；第二，图像中微气泡的浓度可能会被错误表示。已发现，当脉冲通过路径长度为6 cm的微气泡悬浮液传输时，这些成像误差对于所有三个脉冲频率均很显着。还发现第一类误差在气泡共振频率处较大

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