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Robust image watermarking using dihedral angle based on maximum-likelihood detector

机译：基于最大似然检测器的二面角鲁棒图像水印

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摘要

This study presents a robust image watermarking method based on geometric modelling. In this method, nine samples of the approximation coefficient of the image blocks are utilised to construct a plane in the three-dimensional (3D) space. The authors change the dihedral angle formed between the created plane and the x-y plane for data embedding. To preserve the imperceptibility of the watermark, geometrical computations are used to minimise the embedding distortion. Maximumlikelihood detector is implemented to extract the watermark in the noisy channel at the receiver side. The authors experimentally determine the probability density function of the embedding dihedral angle for Gaussian samples. Owing to embedding in the dihedral angle between two planes, the proposed scheme has high robustness to gain attacks. In addition, by using the low-frequency components of the image blocks for data embedding, high robustness against noise and compression attacks has been achieved. Experimental results confirm the validity of the theoretical analysis given in this study and show the superiority of the method over similar techniques in this field. The proposed method is also robust to a wide range of attacks, namely Gaussian filtering, median filtering, JPEG compression, Gaussian noise and scaling.
机译：这项研究提出了一种基于几何建模的鲁棒图像水印方法。在该方法中，利用图像块的近似系数的九个样本在三维（3D）空间中构造一个平面。作者更改在创建的平面和x-y平面之间形成的二面角以进行数据嵌入。为了保持水印的不易察觉性，使用了几何计算来最小化嵌入失真。实现最大似然检测器以在接收器侧的噪声信道中提取水印。作者通过实验确定了高斯样本嵌入二面角的概率密度函数。由于嵌入在两个平面之间的二面角，该方案具有很高的鲁棒性来获得攻击。另外，通过使用图像块的低频分量进行数据嵌入，实现了对噪声和压缩攻击的高鲁棒性。实验结果证实了本研究中理论分析的有效性，并显示了该方法在该领域中优于同类技术的优越性。所提出的方法对于广泛的攻击（例如高斯滤波，中值滤波，JPEG压缩，高斯噪声和缩放）也具有鲁棒性。

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  • 来源
    《Image Processing, IET》 |2013年第5期|451-463|共13页
  • 作者

    Hamghalam M.; Mirzakuchaki S.; Akhaee M.A.;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 1684613114, Iran|c|;

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