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Hacker science versus closed science: building environmental monitoring infrastructure

机译：黑客科学与封闭科学：构建环境监控基础架构

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The Fukushima Daiichi accident in March 2011 created a need by both public agencies and citizens for data on the levels of radionuclide contamination across Japan. In response to this need two systems emerged to collect radiation data using mobile sensors and publish it on the internet: KURAMA, developed by Kyoto University, and Safecast, developed by an ad hoc group of volunteers with their roots in the hacker community. Where KURAMA followed a conventional closed innovation model, Safecast used open-source components to generate freely available open data within an open community of heterogeneous expertise. By drawing on the epistemic foundations of the open source and hacker movements, Safecast developed the artefacts of the sensor network and the procedures for producing reliable and accepted measurements. Both approaches resulted in the rapid development of systems able to build radiation maps, but the open Safecast community was able to build their system at lower cost by enrolling volunteers, gaining crowdsourced donations, creating a global forum to discuss methods and using open-source components. The commitment to open data led Safecast to avoid interpreting the data that they collected which in turn reduced the risk of them being seen as an anti-nuclear activist organization. Safecast's model of creating an open global community has been seen to work in Japan and both the widely disseminated lessons learned and the open-source components developed will provide a template for citizen-led responses to future environmental incidents elsewhere in the world.
机译：2011年3月的福岛第一核电站事故使公共机构和市民都需要获得日本全国放射性核素污染水平的数据。为响应这一需求，出现了两个系统，它们可以使用移动传感器收集辐射数据并将其发布到互联网上：京都大学开发的KURAMA，以及植根于黑客社区的特设志愿者小组开发的Safecast。在KURAMA遵循传统的封闭式创新模型的情况下，Safecast使用开源组件在异构专业知识的开放社区中生成免费的开放数据。通过利用开放源代码和黑客运动的认知基础，Safecast开发了传感器网络的伪像以及用于生成可靠且可接受的测量值的程序。两种方法都导致能够构建辐射图的系统的快速发展，但是开放的Safecast社区能够通过招募志愿者，获得众筹捐款，创建一个讨论方法和使用开源组件的全球论坛来以较低的成本构建其系统。 。开放数据的承诺使Safecast避免解释它们收集的数据，从而减少了将其视为反核激进组织的风险。在日本，Safecast建立开放的全球社区的模型被认为是行之有效的，广泛传播的经验教训和开发的开放源代码组件都将为公民领导对世界其他地方未来环境事件的响应提供模板。

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