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Technical debt and agile software development practices and processes: An industry practitioner survey

机译：技术债务和敏捷软件开发实践和流程：行业从业人员调查

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Highlights•Agile software development practices and processes have an effect on technical debt.•Agile practices safe-guarding software implementation have the most positive effect.•Effect opinions are most divergent for practices involving different stakeholders.•Technical debt knowledge is implicit and hence the concept is under utilized.•Concrete technical debt is fuzzy but most have origins in the software legacy.AbstractContext:Contemporary software development is typically conducted in dynamic, resource-scarce environments that are prone to the accumulation of technical debt. While this general phenomenon is acknowledged, what remains unknown is how technical debt specifically manifests in and affects software processes, and how the software development techniques employed accommodate or mitigate the presence of this debt.Objectives:We sought to draw on practitioner insights and experiences in order to classify the effects of agile method use on technical debt management, given the popularity and perceived success of agile methods. We explore the breadth of practitioners’ knowledge about technical debt; how technical debt is manifested across the software process; and the perceived effects of common agile software development practices and processes on technical debt. In doing so, we address a research gap in technical debt knowledge and provide novel and actionable managerial recommendations.Method:We designed, tested and executed a multi-national survey questionnaire to address our objectives, receiving 184 responses from practitioners in Brazil, Finland, and New Zealand.Results:Our findings indicate that: 1) Practitioners are aware of technical debt, although, there was under utilization of the concept, 2) Technical debt commonly resides in legacy systems, however, concrete instances of technical debt are hard to conceptualize which makes it problematic to manage, 3) Queried agile practices and processes help to reduce technical debt; in particular, techniques that verify and maintain the structure and clarity of implemented artifacts (e.g., Coding standards and Refactoring) positively affect technical debt management.Conclusions:The fact that technical debt instances tend to have characteristics in common means that a systematic approach to its management is feasible. However, notwithstanding the positive effects of some agile practices on technical debt management, competing stakeholders’ interests remain a concern.
机译： 突出显示 • 敏捷的软件开发实践和流程会对技术债务产生影响。 • 敏捷实践的安全防护软件实施效果最为明显。 • 效果意见对于涉及不同利益相关者的做法差异最大。 • 技术债务知识是隐性的，因此未充分利用该概念。 • 具体的技术债务是模糊的，但大多数起源于软件遗产。 摘要 上下文：当代软件开发通常在动态的，资源匮乏的环境中进行，这种环境容易积累技术债务。尽管已经确认了这种普遍现象，但仍未知的是技术债务如何在软件过程中特别体现并影响软件过程，以及所采用的软件开发技术如何容纳或减轻这种债务的存在。 目标：我们试图借鉴从业者的见识和经验，以便对使用敏捷方法对技术债务管理的影响进行分类，考虑到敏捷方法的流行和成功。我们探索从业者对技术债务的了解的广度；技术债务如何在整个软件过程中体现出来；以及常见的敏捷软件开发实践和流程对技术债务的感知影响。为此，我们解决了技术债务知识方面的研究空白，并提出了新颖且可行的管理建议。 方法：我们设计，测试并执行了一项多国调查问卷以实现我们的目标，并收到了来自巴西，芬兰和新西兰的184位从业者的答复。 结果：我们的调查结果表明：1）从业者意识到技术债务，尽管有人在利用技术债务。概念，2）技术债务通常驻留在遗留系统中，但是，技术债务的具体实例很难概念化，这使其难以管理。3）敏捷的实践和流程有助于减少技术债务；特别是，验证和维护已实现工件的结构和清晰度（例如，编码标准和重构）的技术会对技术债务管理产生积极影响。 结论：技术债务实例往往具有共同特征的事实意味着系统的管理方法是可行的。但是，尽管某些敏捷实践对技术债务管理产生了积极影响，但利益相关者的利益竞争仍然令人担忧。

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