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Pleasure and Aversion: Challenging the Conventional Dichotomy

机译：愉悦与厌恶：挑战传统的二分法

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摘要

Philosophy and its descendents in the behavioral sciences have traditionally divided incentives into those that are sought and those that are avoided. Positive incentives are held to be both attractive and memorable because of the direct effects of pleasure. Negative incentives are held to be unattractive but still memorable (the problem of pain) because they force unpleasant emotions on an individual by an unmotivated process, either a hardwired response (unconditioned response) or one substituted by association (conditioned response). Negative incentives are divided into those that are always avoided and those that are avoided only by higher mental processes-archetypi-cally the passions, which are also thought of as hardwired or conditioned. Newer dichotomies within the negative have been proposed, hinging on whether a negative incentive is nevertheless sought ("wanted but not liked") or on an incentive's being negative only because it is confining (the product of "rule worship"). The newer dichotomies have lacked motivational explanations, and there is reason to question conditioning in the motivational mechanism for the older ones.rnBoth experimental findings and the examination of common experience indicate that even the most aversive experiences, such as pain and panic, do not prevail in reflex fashion, but because of an urge to attend to them. The well-established hyperbolic curve in which prospective rewards are discounted implies a mechanism for such an urge, as well as for the "lower" incentives in the other dichotomies. The properties of these lower incentives are predicted by particular durations of temporary preferences on a continuum that stretches from fractions of a second to years.
机译：行为科学中的哲学及其后代传统上将激励分为寻求的激励和避免的激励。由于愉悦的直接影响，积极的动机被认为既有吸引力又令人难忘。消极动机被认为没有吸引力，但仍然令人难忘（痛苦的问题），因为它们通过无动机的过程（硬连线的响应（无条件的响应）或被交往代替的条件（有条件的响应））迫使个体产生不愉快的情绪。消极激励分为始终避免的消极激励和仅由较高的心理过程（原型系统）甚至是激情所避免的消极激励，也被认为是硬性约束或有条件的。已经提出了否定中的新二分法，取决于是否仍然寻求消极激励（“想要但不喜欢”），或者仅由于激励是封闭的（“礼拜”的产物）而成为消极的。较新的二分法缺乏动机解释，并且有理由质疑年龄较大的人的动机机制。实验结果和对共同经验的检验都表明，即使是最厌恶的经验，如疼痛和恐慌，也不占上风。以反射的方式出现，但由于渴望参加这些活动。建立良好的双曲线曲线（其中的预期奖励被打折）暗示了这种冲动的机制，以及其他二分法中“较低”的激励机制。这些较低的激励措施的特性是通过连续偏好的特定持续时间（从几分之一秒延伸到几年）来预测的。

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  • 来源
    《Inquiry》 |2009年第4期|357-377|共21页
  • 作者

    GEORGE AINSLIE;

  • 作者单位

    151 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, PA 19320;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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