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首页> 外文期刊>Integrative and Comparative Biology >Key transitions during the evolution of animal phototransduction: novelty, “tree-thinking,” co-option, and co-duplication
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Key transitions during the evolution of animal phototransduction: novelty, “tree-thinking,” co-option, and co-duplication

机译：动物光转导过程中的关键转变：新颖性，“树型思维”，共同选择和共同复制

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摘要

Biologists are amazed by the intricacy and complexity of biological interactions between molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems. Yet underlying all this biodiversity is a universal common ancestry. How does evolution proceed from common starting points to generate the riotous biodiversity we see today? This “novelty problem”—understanding how novelty and common ancestry relate—has become of critical importance, especially since the realization that genes and developmental processes are often conserved across vast phylogenetic distances. In particular, two processes have emerged as the primary generators of diversity in organismal form: duplication plus divergence and co-option. In this article, we first illustrate how phylogenetic methodology and “tree-thinking” can be used to distinguish duplication plus divergence from co-option. Second, we review two case studies in photoreceptor evolution—one suggesting a role for duplication plus divergence, the other exemplifying how co-option can shape evolutionary change. Finally, we discuss how our tree-thinking approach differs from other treatments of the origin of novelty that utilized a “linear-thinking” approach in which evolution is viewed as a linear and gradual progression, often from simple to complex phenotype, driven by natural selection.
机译：分子，细胞，生物和生态系统之间生物相互作用的复杂性和复杂性令生物学家感到惊讶。然而，所有这些生物多样性的基础是普遍的共同祖先。进化是如何从共同的起点进行的，以产生我们今天看到的多变的生物多样性？理解新颖性和共同血统之间的联系的“新颖性问题”已变得至关重要，尤其是因为人们认识到基因和发育过程通常在很大的系统发育距离上都是保守的。特别是，两个过程已成为有机形式多样性的主要产生者：重复加分歧和共同选择。在本文中，我们首先说明如何使用系统发育方法和“树型思维”来区分重复选择和异同选择。其次，我们回顾了两个有关感光体进化的案例研究-一个提出重复加发散的作用，另一个例证共同选择如何影响进化变化。最后，我们讨论我们的树思维方法与新颖性起源的其他处理方法有何不同，后者采用“线性思维”方法，其中进化被视为线性和渐进的过程，通常是由自然驱动的从简单到复杂的表型选择。

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