首页> 外文期刊>International journal of green energy >ACTIVITY OF SULFATED ALUMINIUM-TIN MIXED OXIDES FOR THE ESTERIFICATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN CRUDE PALM OIL
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ACTIVITY OF SULFATED ALUMINIUM-TIN MIXED OXIDES FOR THE ESTERIFICATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN CRUDE PALM OIL

机译:硫酸铝锡混合氧化物对棕榈油中游离脂肪酸的酯化活性

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Large amounts of free fatty acids in oil used for the production of biodiesel cause the problems of soap formation and very low yield of biodiesel. To overcome these problems, free fatty acids must be esterified to their esters in the presence of an acid catalyst prior to alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. Sulfated metal oxides are an interesting group owing to their very high acidity. In this study, sulfated aluminium-tin mixed oxide (SO_4~(2-)/Al_2O_3-SnO_2) catalysts were synthesized and used for esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil for the first time. The SO_4~(2-)/Al_2O_3-SnO_2 catalysts were prepared from different Al precursors, calcination temperatures, and sulfate concentrations. Characterization of the catalysts included X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques, nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and potentiometric titration. The results show that the SO_4~(2-)/Al_2O_3-SnO_2 catalyst has very strong acid sites. Different Al precursors lead to different activities of the SO_4~(2-)/Al_2O_3-SnO_2 catalysts. Al_2(SO_4)_3 is the best precursor whereas Al(NO_3)_3 is the worst one to prepare the SO_4~(2-) /Al_2O_3-SnO_2 catalyst. The optimum calcination temperature is 450℃. The activity of the SO_4~(2-)-/Al_2O_3-SnO_2 catalyst increases with sulfate concentration. Introducing Al_2O_3 to SO_4~(2-)/SnO_2 increases its stability during the reusability process. Therefore, SO_4~(2-)-/Al_2O_3-SnO_2 is a better candidate than SO_4~(2-)/SnO_2 for catalyzing the esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil.
机译:用于生产生物柴油的油中大量的游离脂肪酸引起肥皂形成和生物柴油产率非常低的问题。为了克服这些问题,在碱性催化的酯交换反应之前,必须在酸催化剂的存在下将游离脂肪酸酯化为其酯。硫酸盐金属氧化物由于其极高的酸性而成为一个有趣的族群。本研究合成了硫酸铝-锡复合氧化物(SO_4〜(2-)/ Al_2O_3-SnO_2)催化剂,首次用于棕榈油中游离脂肪酸的酯化。 SO_4〜(2-)/ Al_2O_3-SnO_2催化剂是由不同的Al前驱体,煅烧温度和硫酸盐浓度制备的。催化剂的表征包括X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线荧光(XRF)技术,氮吸附,傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和电位滴定法。结果表明,SO_4〜(2-)/ Al_2O_3-SnO_2催化剂具有很强的酸性位。不同的Al前驱体导致SO_4〜(2-)/ Al_2O_3-SnO_2催化剂的活性不同。 Al_2(SO_4)_3是最好的前驱体,而Al(NO_3)_3是制备SO_4〜(2-)/ Al_2O_3-SnO_2催化剂的最差前驱体。最佳煅烧温度为450℃。 SO_4〜(2-)-/ Al_2O_3-SnO_2催化剂的活性随硫酸盐浓度的增加而增加。将Al_2O_3引入SO_4〜(2-)/ SnO_2可以提高其可重复使用性。因此,SO_4〜(2-)-/ Al_2O_3-SnO_2比SO_4〜(2-)/ SnO_2催化棕榈油中游离脂肪酸的酯化反应更好。

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