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首页> 外文期刊>The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment >Life cycle thinking in small and medium enterprises: the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs-part 2: LCA related aspects
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Life cycle thinking in small and medium enterprises: the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs-part 2: LCA related aspects

机译：中小企业的生命周期思考：波兰中小企业实施生命周期工具的研究结果，第2部分：LCA相关方面

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Purpose This article is the second part of a series of articles presenting the results of research on the implementation of lifecycle management tools in small- and medium-sized companies in Poland. This work is part of a project financed by the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development (PAED), which began in February 2011. It was carried out by the Wielkopolska Quality Institute, a business environment institution associated with the Polish Centre for life cycle assessment (PCLCA). The main practical objective of the project was to support small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in their business development, e.g. by expanding their horizons beyond the sphere of their operation and identifying new areas for the improvement and promotion of the products and services they offer. The specific objective of the analysis on the environmental impact was an attempt to answer the question of whether environmental LCA is a good management tool for this type of business. Part 2 describes results of the evaluation of the implementation of LCA in SMEs conducted in 46 companies involved in the project. Methods In order to assess the effectiveness of the project and the effectiveness of the implementation of LCA and life cycle costing (LCC), a survey was conducted of small and medium businesses where the implementation work had been fully completed. In total, 46 organisations agreed to participate in the LCA survey, which was almost 66 % of all the companies where the LCA and LCC studies had been carried out within the project. The survey was conducted using individual in-depth interviews. Questions to the representatives of the companies referred both to aspects of their functioning in the market (characteristics of a company, its market share, management systems, environmental policy, suppliers and clients) and the operation of their environmental service (assessment of its effectiveness, motivation and difficulties in its implementation), as well as opinions on the potential applications of LCA in their current operations. Results and discussion The experience and observations of LCA experts resulting from their cooperation with the organisations analysed are largely supported by the results of the survey. The overall impression gained from the project is that the small- and medium-sized enterprises analysed have a problem with accepting and understanding the life cycle perspective and show limited interest in taking liability for environmental aspects beyond the mandatory legal standards and boundaries of their business operations. The survey shows that the companies rarely analyse environmental aspects appearing on many different stages of the life cycle of their products. Most of them focus on their current operations while trying to meet the mandatory legal requirements relating to environmental protection. It should be noted, however, that SMEs taking part in the studies appreciate the opportunities offered by LCA, their usefulness in business practice, recognise the potential for using life cycle techniques in the future and their impact on the management process, procedure or thinking about the products they manufacture. The result of the study is the identification of four key areas relevant to SMEs which may affect their willingness to adopt the life cycle perspective and undertake environmental measures. Conclusions It seems that implementing LCT in small- and medium-sized enterprises requires a special approach. These are often companies with limited human resources (often just a few people) and financial resources (often operating on the verge of survival), with a weak position in a supply chain and, therefore, having various priorities in their daily operation. The researchers also encountered awareness barriers as a result of which the idea of going beyond an organisation and making an entire LCA of a product was often simply misunderstood. The studies conducted among SMEs have shown that managers' own intuition and research on customer preferences were largely conducive to improve existing or introducing new products or services, while changes were mostly introduced due to the requirements of the market, or the desire to reduce costs. It can be assumed that their non-obligatory nature also contributed to the relatively low interest in LCA initiatives and not recognising their usefulness. It seems that it would be useful to carry out relatively simple, but integrated, LCA/LCC analyses in SMEs so that the companies would clearly see the economic effect of the proposed environmental improvements. The analyses conducted lead to the conclusion that the incentive for SMEs to take measures should come from outside, e.g. as requirements for green public procurements, or as part of assessment made by suppliers in a supply chain.
机译：目的本文是一系列文章的第二部分，介绍了在波兰的中小型公司中实施生命周期管理工具的研究结果。这项工作是波兰企业发展局（PAED）于2011年2月开始资助的项目的一部分。该项目由与波兰生命周期评估中心（PCLCA）相关的商业环境机构Wielkopolska Quality Institute进行。 ）。该项目的主要实际目标是支持中小型企业（SME）的业务发展。通过将他们的视野扩大到他们的经营范围之外，并确定新的领域来改进和推广他们提供的产品和服务。分析环境影响的具体目标是试图回答以下问题：环境LCA是否是此类业务的良好管理工具。第2部分介绍了在参与该项目的46家公司中对中小企业实施LCA的评估结果。方法为了评估项目的有效性以及实施LCA和生命周期成本（LCC）的有效性，对已完全完成实施工作的中小型企业进行了调查。总共有46个组织同意参与LCA调查，这几乎占该项目中已进行LCA和LCC研究的所有公司的66％。该调查是通过个人深入访谈进行的。向公司代表提出的问题既涉及其市场功能（公司的特征，其市场份额，管理体系，环境政策，供应商和客户），又涉及其环境服务的运营（评估其有效性，动机和实施上的困难），以及对LCA在其当前运营中潜在应用的看法。结果与讨论LCA专家与被分析组织的合作所产生的经验和意见在很大程度上得到了调查结果的支持。从项目中获得的总体印象是，所分析的中小企业在接受和理解生命周期观点方面存在问题，并且对承担超出强制性法律标准和业务运营范围的环境方面的责任表示出有限的兴趣。调查显示，这些公司很少分析其产品生命周期的许多不同阶段中出现的环境问题。他们中的大多数人专注于当前的业务，同时努力满足与环境保护有关的强制性法律要求。但是，应该指出的是，参加研究的中小型企业赞赏LCA提供的机会，它们在商业实践中的有用性，认识到将来使用生命周期技术的潜力以及它们对管理过程，程序或思考的影响。他们生产的产品。该研究的结果是确定了与中小企业相关的四个关键领域，这些领域可能会影响它们采用生命周期观点和采取环境措施的意愿。结论在中小型企业中实施LCT似乎需要一种特殊的方法。这些公司通常是人力资源有限（通常只有几个人）和财务资源有限（通常在生存边缘的公司），在供应链中的地位很弱，因此在日常运营中具有各种优先事项。研究人员还遇到了意识障碍，因此，超出组织范围并制作产品的整个LCA的想法常常被误解。在中小型企业之间进行的研究表明，管理人员自己的直觉和对客户偏好的研究在很大程度上有利于改善现有产品或引入新产品或服务，而变革主要是由于市场需求或降低成本的愿望而引入的。可以假定，它们的非强制性也导致对LCA计划的兴趣相对较低，并且没有意识到其用处。在中小企业中进行相对简单但综合的LCA / LCC分析似乎很有用，这样公司就可以清楚地看到提议的环境改善措施的经济效果。进行的分析得出的结论是，中小企业采取措施的动机应该来自外部，例如作为绿色公共采购的要求，或作为供应商在供应链中进行评估的一部分。

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