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Challenges in the accurate numerical simulation of practical thermal processes and systems

机译：实际热过程和系统的精确数值模拟中的挑战

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Purpose - The numerical simulation of practical thermal processes is generally complicated because of multiple transport mechanisms and complex phenomena that commonly arise. In addition, the materials encountered are often not easily characterized and typically involve large property changes over the ranges of interest. The boundary conditions may not be properly defined and or may be unknown. However, it is important to obtain accurate and dependable numerical results from the simulation in order to study, design, and optimize most practical thermal processes of current and future interest. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the main challenges that are encountered in obtaining accurate numerical simulation results on practical thermal processes and systems. Design/methodology/approach - A wide range of thermal systems is considered and the challenges faced in the numerical simulation are outlined. The methods that may be used to meet these challenges are presented in terms of grid, solution strategies, multiscale modeling and combined mechanisms. The models employed must be validated and the accuracy of the simulation results established if the simulation is to form the basis for improving existing systems and developing new ones. Findings - Of particular interest are concerns like verification and validation, imposition of appropriate boundary conditions, and modelling of complex, multimode transport phenomena in multiple scales. Additional effects such as viscous dissipation, surface tension, buoyancy and rarefaction that could arise and complicate the modelling are discussed. Uncertainties that arise in material properties and in boundary conditions are also important in design and optimization. Large variations in the geometry and coupled multiple regions are also discussed. Research limitations/implications - The paper is largely focused on numerical modeling and simulation. Experimental data are considered mainly for validation and for physical insight. Practical implications - A wide variety of practical systems, ranging from materials processing to energy, cooling, and transportation is considered. Originality/value - Future needs in this interesting and challenging area are also outlined in the paper.
机译：目的-由于通常存在多种传输机制和复杂现象，因此实际热过程的数值模拟通常很复杂。另外，遇到的材料通常不容易表征，并且通常涉及感兴趣范围内的大特性变化。边界条件可能未正确定义，或者可能未知。但是，重要的是要从仿真中获得准确而可靠的数值结果，以便研究，设计和优化当前和将来关注的最实用的热过程。本文的目的是集中于在实际的热过程和系统上获得准确的数值模拟结果时遇到的主要挑战。设计/方法/方法-考虑了多种热系统，并概述了数值模拟中面临的挑战。在网格，解决方案策略，多尺度建模和组合机制方面提出了可以用来应对这些挑战的方法。如果仿真将成为改进现有系统和开发新系统的基础，则必须验证所使用的模型并确定仿真结果的准确性。发现-特别令人关注的是诸如验证和确认，施加适当的边界条件以及在多个尺度上对复杂的多模传输现象进行建模的关注。讨论了可能产生的并使模型复杂化的其他影响，例如粘性耗散，表面张力，浮力和稀疏性。材料特性和边界条件中出现的不确定性在设计和优化中也很重要。还讨论了几何形状的大变化以及耦合的多个区域。研究局限性/意义-本文主要关注数值建模和仿真。实验数据主要用于验证和物理洞察力。实际意义-考虑了从材料加工到能源，冷却和运输的各种实际系统。原创性/价值-本文还概述了这个有趣且具有挑战性的领域中的未来需求。

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