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Battery-electric transit bus developments and operations: A review

机译：电池电动公交车的发展和运营：回顾

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In this article, we review the worldwide developments of battery-electric buses (a) from medium-sized vehicles (e.g., 6.7 m) to heavy-duty vehicles (e.g., 11 m), and (b) from the slow-charging mode (e.g., 6 hours) to the fast-charging mode (e.g., 10 minutes). We also review the worldwide operations of battery-electric buses (a) from 1907 in London, England, the early 1980s in Denver, Colorado, and the early 1990s in Santa Barbara, California, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, to various international cities now, and (b) from less than 20 vehicles in a transit agency to more than 1,000 vehicles. We summarize the experiences and lessons learned from real-world operations. We examine key technical specifications that are critical to the operations of electric bus systems, in particular the operational distance and charging time. Due to a limited operational range of battery-electric buses, three range remedy methods have been proposed: (a) regular (slow) battery charging with backup vehicles equipped with fully charged batteries; (2) battery swapping; and (3) fast opportunity charging during the layover period. We conduct a qualitative analysis on the strengths and weaknesses of each range remedy method. We also analyze the vehicle cost, energy cost, and emissions of transit buses powered by different sources, and examine potential impacts of fast-charging electric buses on the electric grid.
机译：在本文中，我们回顾了电池电动巴士的全球发展（a）从中型车辆（例如6.7 m）到重型车辆（例如11 m），以及（b）从慢速充电模式（例如6个小时）到快速充电模式（例如10分钟）。我们还回顾了1907年在英国伦敦，1980年代初在科罗拉多州的丹佛以及1990年代初在加利福尼亚州圣塔芭芭拉和田纳西州查塔努加市到现在各个国际城市的电池电动巴士（a）的全球运营情况， （b）从运输公司的不足20辆汽车到超过1,000辆汽车。我们总结了从实际操作中获得的经验和教训。我们研究了对电动公交系统的运行至关重要的关键技术规格，特别是运行距离和充电时间。由于电池电动公交车的运行范围有限，因此提出了三种范围的补救方法：（a）对配备有充足电的备用电池的车辆进行常规（慢速）电池充电； （2）更换电池； （3）在中转期间快速收取机会。我们对每种范围补救方法的优缺点进行定性分析。我们还分析了车辆成本，能源成本以及由不同来源提供动力的公交车的排放，并研究了快速充电电动公交车对电网的潜在影响。

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