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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of African Earth Sciences >Groundwater quality assessment of the shallow aquifers west of the Nile Delta (Egypt) using multivariate statistical and geostatistical techniques
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Groundwater quality assessment of the shallow aquifers west of the Nile Delta (Egypt) using multivariate statistical and geostatistical techniques

机译：使用多元统计和地统计学方法评估尼罗河三角洲（埃及）西部浅层含水层的地下水水质

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摘要

Extensive urban, agricultural and industrial expansions on the western fringe of the Nile Delta of Egypt have exerted much load on the water needs and lead to groundwater quality deterioration. Documenting the spatial variation of the groundwater quality and their controlling factors is vital to ensure sustainable water management and safe use. A comprehensive dataset of 451 shallow groundwater samples were collected in 2011 and 2012. On-site field measurements of the total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, as well as lab-based ionic composition of the major and trace components were performed. Groundwater types were derived and the suitability for irrigation use was evaluated. Multivariate statistical techniques of factor analysis and K-means clustering were integrated with the geostatistical semi-variogram modeling for evaluating the spatial hydrochemical variations and the driving factors as well as for hydrochemical pattern recognition. Most hydrochemical parameters showed very wide ranges; TDS (201-24,400 mg/l), pH (6.72-8.65), Na~+ (28.30-7774 mg/l), and Cl~- (7-12,186 mg/l) suggesting complex hydrochemical processes of multiple sources. TDS violated the limit (1200 mg/l) of the Egyptian standards for drinking water quality in many localities. Extreme concentrations of Fe~(2+), Mn~(2+), Zn~(2+), Cu~(2+), Ni~(2+), are mostly related to their natural -content in the water-bearing sediments and/or to contamination from industrial leakage. Very high nitrate concentrations exceeding the permissible limit (50 mg/l) were potentially maximized toward hydrologic discharge zones and related to wastewater leakage. Three main water types; NaCl (29%), Na_2SO_4 (26%), and NaHCO_3 (20%), formed 75% of the groundwater dominated in the saline depressions, sloping sides of the coastal ridges of the depressions, and in the cultivatedewly reclaimed lands intensely covered by irrigation canals, respectively. Water suitability for irrigation use clarified that the majority of the groundwater samples (83%) had very high to high salinity hazards. These are unsuitable for irrigation of regular crops and hence special management practices with salt resistant plants were recommended. Four factors, arranged respectively in decreasing order of influence, governed the spatial variability of the aquifers; salinity enhancement, nutrient contamination, multiple mechanisms of freshwater percolation and phosphate fertilizers, and the dissolution of the calcium and phosphate contents. Three distinctive regional hydrochemical clusters were recognized influenced by the proximity to the seawater, evaporite dominance in the soils/water-bearing formations, recharge from surface canals, and over-pumping in the intensely populatedewly reclaimed areas. Results could help prioritize areas for future sustainable groundwater development plans.
机译：埃及尼罗河三角洲西部边缘的广泛的城市，农业和工业扩张给水需求施加了很大负担，并导致地下水质量恶化。记录地下水质量及其控制因素的空间变化对于确保可持续的水管理和安全使用至关重要。 2011年和2012年收集了451个浅层地下水样品的综合数据集。现场现场测量了主要溶解物的总溶解固体（TDS），电导率（EC），pH，温度以及基于实验室的离子组成并进行痕量成分分析。得出了地下水类型，并评估了灌溉用途的适用性。因子分析和K-均值聚类的多元统计技术与地统计半变异函数模型相集成，用于评估空间水化学变化和驱动因素以及水化学模式识别。大多数水化学参数显示范围很广。 TDS（201-24,400 mg / l），pH（6.72-8.65），Na〜+（28.30-7774 mg / l）和Cl〜-（7-12,186 mg / l）暗示了多种来源的复杂水化学过程。 TDS在许多地方都违反了埃及饮用水水质标准的限制（1200 mg / l）。 Fe〜（2 +），Mn〜（2 +），Zn〜（2 +），Cu〜（2 +），Ni〜（2+）的极高浓度主要与水中的天然含量有关。轴承沉积物和/或工业泄漏造成的污染。硝酸盐的超高浓度超过了允许的极限值（50 mg / l），可能会向水文排放区最大化并与废水泄漏有关。三种主要水类型； NaCl（29％），Na_2SO_4（26％）和NaHCO_3（20％）在盐洼，洼地沿海山脊的倾斜侧以及耕地/新开垦土地中形成了占主导地位的地下水的75％。分别由灌溉渠覆盖。灌溉用水的适用性表明，大多数地下水样品（83％）具有很高到很高的盐度危害。这些不适合常规作物的灌溉，因此建议对耐盐植物进行特殊管理。四个因素分别以影响的降序排列，控制着含水层的空间变异性。盐度提高，养分污染，淡水渗滤和磷酸盐肥料的多种机理以及钙和磷酸盐含量的溶解。认识到三个独特的区域性水化学簇受到了靠近海水的影响，土壤/含水层中的蒸发岩优势，表层渠道的补给以及人口稠密/新开垦地区的过度抽水。结果可能有助于确定未来可持续地下水开发计划的优先领域。

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