Bootstrap hypothesis testing in generalized additive models for comparing curves of treatments in longitudinal studies

Nores M. L.; Diaz M. P.

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Bootstrap hypothesis testing in generalized additive models for comparing curves of treatments in longitudinal studies

机译：广义加性模型中的Bootstrap假设检验，用于比较纵向研究中的治疗曲线

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The study of the effect of a treatment may involve the evaluation of a variable at a number of moments. When assuming a smooth curve for the mean response along time, estimation can be afforded by spline regression, in the context of generalized additive models. The novelty of our work lies in the construction of hypothesis tests to compare two curves of treatments in any interval of time for several types of response variables. The within-subject correlation is not modeled but is considered to obtain valid inferences by the use of bootstrap. We propose both semiparametric and nonparametric bootstrap approaches, based on resampling vectors of residuals or responses, respectively. Simulation studies revealed a good performance of the tests, considering, for the outcome, different distribution functions in the exponential family and varying the correlation between observations along time. We show that the sizes of bootstrap tests are close to the nominal value, with tests based on a standardized statistic having slightly better size properties. The power increases as the distance between curves increases and decreases when correlation gets higher. The usefulness of these statistical tools was confirmed using real data, thus allowing to detect changes in fish behavior when exposed to the toxin microcystin-RR.

机译：对治疗效果的研究可能涉及在多个时刻评估变量。当假设平均响应随时间变化的平滑曲线时，在广义加性模型的背景下，可以通过样条回归进行估计。我们工作的新颖性在于构建假设检验，以比较几种类型的响应变量在任意时间间隔内的两条治疗曲线。主体内相关性未建模，但被认为是通过使用引导程序来获得有效推断的。我们分别基于残差或响应的重采样向量，提出了半参数和非参数引导方法。仿真研究表明，考虑到结果，指数族具有不同的分布函数并随时间变化观察值之间的相关性，测试表现良好。我们显示自举测试的大小接近标称值，而基于标准化统计量的测试的大小属性则稍好一些。功率随着曲线之间的距离的增加而增加，而当相关性变高时则减少。这些统计工具的实用性已通过实际数据得到证实，因此可以检测暴露于毒素微囊藻毒素-RR的鱼类行为的变化。

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《Journal of applied statistics》 |2016年第8期|810-826|共17页
作者
Nores M. L.; Diaz M. P.;
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作者单位

Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Matemat Astron & Fis, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina;

Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Med, Escuela Nutr, Catedra Estadist & Bioestadist, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina;

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correlated data; power; nonparametric; size; semiparametric; spline;

机译：相关数据功率非参数大小半参数样条;

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1. Bootstrap-based methods for testing factor-by-curve interactions in generalized additive models: assessing prefrontal cortex neural activity related to decision-making. [J] . Roca Pardinas J, Cadarso Suarez C, Nacher V, Statistics in medicine . 2006,第14期

机译：基于Bootstrap的方法在广义加性模型中测试逐曲线交互作用的方法：评估与决策相关的前额叶皮层神经活动。
2. Treatment Effect Decomposition and Bootstrap Hypothesis Testing in Observational Studies [J] . Hee Youn Kwon, Jason J. Sauppe, Sheldon H. Jacobson Annals Data Science . 2019,第3期

机译：观察性研究中的治疗效果分解和自举假设检验
3. Comparative Analysis of Group Sequential Designs Tests for Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials: A Model Study on Two-Sided Tests for Comparing Two Treatments [J] . Mehmet Ali Sungur, Emine Arzu Kanik Open Journal of Statistics . 2012,第1期

机译：随机对照临床试验的组顺序设计试验比较分析：比较两种治疗方法的双向试验模型研究
4. Global Hypothesis Test to Simultaneously Compare the Predictive Values of Two Binary Diagnostic Tests in Paired Designs: a Simulation Study [C] . J. A. Roldán Nofuentes, J. D. Luna del Castillo, M. A. Montero Alonso International Conference on Computational Statistics . 2010

机译：全局假设试验同时比较配对设计中两种二进制诊断测试的预测值：模拟研究
5. Properties of hypothesis tests using generalized additive models with smoothers of geographic location in spatial statistics. [D] . Young, Robin Lynne. 2010

机译：假设检验的属性使用广义加性模型，在空间统计中具有更平滑的地理位置。
6. Adjusted significance cutoffs for hypothesis tests applied with generalized additive models with bivariate smoothers [O] . Robin L Bliss, Janice Weinberg, Verónica M Vieira, -1

机译：调整后的显着性截止用于使用双核苷酸的普通添加剂模型应用的假设试验
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。
8. A Longitudinal Field Study Comparing a Multiplicative and an Additive Model of Motivation and Ability. [R] . Barrett, G. V., Alexander, R. A., Rush, . C. 1977

机译：纵向场研究比较动机和能力的乘法和加法模型。

Bootstrap hypothesis testing in generalized additive models for comparing curves of treatments in longitudinal studies

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