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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of bridge engineering >Eurocodes and Their Implications for Bridge Design: Background, Implementation, and Comparison to North American Practice
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Eurocodes and Their Implications for Bridge Design: Background, Implementation, and Comparison to North American Practice

机译：欧洲规范及其对桥梁设计的影响：背景，实施和与北美实践的比较

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摘要

Codes and standards used for guiding structural design of buildings and bridges traditionally have been prescriptive and quantitative. In an era of gradual change in design and construction technologies, this traditional approach to structural design generally served the public and the profession well. However, prescriptive standards do not accommodate technological advances and innovations easily, and in the last three decades, such occurrences have changed the nature of building design and construction rapidly. At the same time, the performance of buildings and other structures during extreme manufactured events and natural phenomena hazards, such as hurricanes and earthquakes and flooding, has led to intense public and professional scrutiny and criticism of current engineering and construction practices. Finally, uncertainties are invariably present in structural engineering, and standards that do not take these uncertainties into account consistently (or, worse, do not account for them at all) are an obstacle to advancing structural engineering practice. With the advent of structural reliability as a tool for the treatment and analysis of uncertainty, the decades of the 1970s and 1980s brought the realization that although absolute safety is an unattainable goal, uncertainties in structural performance could be quantified (in terms of uncertainties in structural actions and response and in material strength and stiffness characteristics) and risk-informed structural design criteria could be developed that were consistent with a desired level of performance. With this realization, practical structural design standards that reflected these reliability principles evolved quite rapidly. Not only did this transition in thinking regarding structural safety and serviceability evolve rapidly, it evolved in most modern, postindustrial societies at about the same time.
机译：传统上，用于指导建筑物和桥梁结构设计的代码和标准是规定性和定量性的。在设计和建筑技术逐渐变化的时代，这种传统的结构设计方法通常可以很好地为公众和专业服务。然而，规范性标准不能轻易适应技术进步和创新，并且在过去的三十年中，这种情况迅速改变了建筑设计和建造的性质。同时，在极端制造事件和自然现象危害（例如飓风，地震和洪水）中建筑物和其他结构的性能导致公众和专业人士对当前的工程和建筑实践进行严格的审查和批评。最后，结构工程中总是存在不确定性，而无法始终如一地考虑这些不确定性（或更糟糕的是根本没有考虑到这些不确定性）的标准则是推进结构工程实践的障碍。随着结构可靠性作为不确定性处理和分析的工具的出现，1970年代和1980年代的几十年使人们认识到，尽管绝对安全性是无法实现的目标，但结构性能的不确定性可以量化（就结构的不确定性而言）动作和响应，以及材料的强度和刚度特性）以及与风险有关的结构设计标准，可以与所需的性能水平保持一致。有了这种认识，反映这些可靠性原理的实用结构设计标准就发展很快。这种关于结构安全性和可维修性的思想转变不仅在迅速发展，而且在大约同一时间在大多数现代后工业社会中发生了演变。

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