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Changes in the competition structure in Japan Their effect on price competition

机译：日本竞争结构的变化对价格竞争的影响

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摘要

In recent years, prices in Japan have been declining. This phenomenon cannot be attributed solely to the business cycle; the change in competition structure is another important factor that must be considered. The main purposes of this article are to: (1) clarify the characteristics of competition structure in terms of (a) the nature of horizontal competition among manufacturers versus that among retailers and (b) the possible effect on price competition of vertical competition between manufacturers and retailers; (2) present a framework that clarifies the relationships among the components of competition structure; and (3) examine changes in the competition structure in Japan and their possible effects on price competition, using this framework. The results show that although the competition structure in Japan has gradually changed since the mid-1980s, the changes since the mid-1990s differ from those in the 1980s.
机译：近年来，日本的价格一直在下降。这种现象不能仅仅归因于商业周期。竞争结构的变化是必须考虑的另一个重要因素。本文的主要目的是：（1）从以下方面阐明竞争结构的特征：（a）制造商之间的横向竞争与零售商之间的横向竞争的性质，以及（b）制造商之间的纵向竞争对价格竞争的可能影响和零售商； （2）提出一个框架，阐明竞争结构各组成部分之间的关​​系； （3）使用此框架研究日本竞争结构的变化及其对价格竞争的可能影响。结果表明，尽管日本的竞争结构自1980年代中期以来已逐渐改变，但自1990年代中期以来的变化与1980年代有所不同。

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