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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of contemporary European studies >Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations: The Multi-Level Politics of Climate Change Policy in Belgium
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Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations: The Multi-Level Politics of Climate Change Policy in Belgium

机译：联邦制与政府间关系：比利时的气候变化政策多层次政治

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This article discusses the relations between the different layers of government in Belgium with regard to a typical multi-level issue, i.e. climate change. It addresses the question to which degree the characteristics of Belgian federalism shape those intergovernmental relations. Three major characteristics are identified: the constitutionally 'dual' but de facto 'cooperative' federalism, the Europeanization of competences and of relations, and the executive and politicized character of federalism. The impact of those characteristics are studied with regard to crucial cases in recent decision-making on (i) domestic climate change policy in Belgium and on (ii) the position and representation of Belgium in the international climate change debate. It is observed that intergovernmental relations on climate change are to a high degree institutionalized. That is the consequence of the fragmentation in many of the competence areas important for climate change (e.g. environment, energy, transport). The different cooperation mechanisms are based on consensus, as a consequence of the principle of no hierarchy between the two levels of government. Since climate change is a highly sensitive issue involving important interests, consensus-based decision-making has led to lengthy and difficult discussions. In the complex Belgian setting, the EU is often the number one reason to bring the different governments around the same table. Intergovernmental relations on climate change policy in Belgium are triggered by formal requests by the EU to take a stance or deliver certain policy outputs on specific issues. Yet international requirements and deadlines are unable to break domestic gridlock due to political stalemates. Intergovernmental relations are completely controlled by political parties and ministerial cabinets. That becomes problematic in a context of political asymmetry, where the distinct levels of government are ruled by different coalitions. In the case of climate change, the opposition between conservative and progressive climate goals has meant that Belgium was unable to take a stance in recent debates, and it increases the probability of policy failures.
机译：本文就典型的多层次问题（即气候变化）讨论了比利时政府不同层级之间的关系。它解决了比利时联邦制的特征在何种程度上塑造了这些政府间关系的问题。确定了三个主要特征：宪法上的“双重”但事实上的“合作”联邦制，权限和关系的欧洲化以及联邦制的行政化和政治化特征。就近期决策中的关键案例研究了这些特征的影响，这些决策涉及（i）比利时的国内气候变化政策以及（ii）比利时在国际气候变化辩论中的地位和代表权。据观察，政府间关于气候变化的关系在很大程度上已制度化。这是对气候变化重要的许多能力领域（例如环境，能源，运输）分散化的结果。由于两级政府之间没有等级制度，因此不同的合作机制基于共识。由于气候变化是涉及重大利益的高度敏感的问题，基于共识的决策导致冗长而困难的讨论。在复杂的比利时环境中，欧盟通常是将不同政府置于同一桌旁的第一原因。比利时政府正式要求就特定问题采取立场或提供某些政策成果的请求触发了比利时政府间关于气候变化政策的关系。然而，由于政治僵局，国际要求和最后期限无法打破国内僵局。政府间关系完全由政党和部长内阁控制。在政治不对称的情况下，这变成了问题，在政治不对称的情况下，政府的不同层级由不同的联盟统治。就气候变化而言，保守的和渐进的气候目标之间的对立意味着比利时在最近的辩论中无法采取立场，这增加了政策失败的可能性。

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