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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Environmental Management >Significance, evolution and recent advances in adsorption technology, materials and processes for desalination, water softening and salt removal
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Significance, evolution and recent advances in adsorption technology, materials and processes for desalination, water softening and salt removal

机译：脱盐，水软化和除盐的吸附技术，材料和工艺的意义，发展和最新进展

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Desalination and softening of sea, brackish, and ground water are becoming increasingly important solutions to overcome water shortage challenges. Various technologies have been developed for salt removal from water resources including multi-stage flash, multi-effect distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, electrodialysis, as well as adsorption. Recently, removal of solutes by adsorption onto selective adsorbents has shown promising perspectives. Different types of adsorbents such as zeolites, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), activated carbons, graphenes, magnetic adsorbents, and low-cost adsorbents (natural materials, industrial by-products and wastes, bio-sorbents, and biopolymer) have been synthesized and examined for salt removal from aqueous solutions. It is obvious from literature that the existing adsorbents have good potentials for desalination and water softening. Besides, nano-adsorbents have desirable surface area and adsorption capacity, though are not found at economically viable prices and still have challenges in recovery and reuse. On the other hand, natural and modified adsorbents seem to be efficient alternatives for this application compared to other types of adsorbents due to their availability and low cost. Some novel adsorbents are also emerging. Generally, there are a few issues such as low selectivity and adsorption capacity, process efficiency, complexity in preparation or synthesis, and problems associated to recovery and reuse that require considerable improvements in research and process development. Moreover, large-scale applications of sorbents and their practical utility need to be evaluated for possible commercialization and scale up.
机译：海水，咸淡水和地下水的脱盐和软化正成为克服缺水挑战的日益重要的解决方案。已经开发了用于从水资源去除盐的多种技术，包括多级闪蒸，多效蒸馏，离子交换，反渗透，纳滤，电渗析以及吸附。最近，通过吸附到选择性吸附剂上去除溶质已显示出令人鼓舞的前景。合成并检查了不同类型的吸附剂，例如沸石，碳纳米管（CNT），活性炭，石墨烯，磁性吸附剂和低成本吸附剂（天然材料，工业副产品和废物，生物吸附剂和生物聚合物）用于从水溶液中去除盐分。从文献中可以明显看出，现有的吸附剂具有良好的脱盐和水软化潜力。此外，纳米吸附剂具有理想的表面积和吸附能力，尽管在经济上不可行，但仍具有回收和再利用方面的挑战。另一方面，与其他类型的吸附剂相比，天然和改性吸附剂由于其可用性和低成本而似乎是该应用的有效替代品。一些新型吸附剂也正在出现。通常，存在一些问题，例如低选择性和吸附能力，工艺效率，制备或合成的复杂性以及与回收和再利用相关的问题，需要在研究和工艺开发中进行重大改进。而且，为了可能的商业化和规模化，需要评估吸附剂的大规模应用及其实际用途。

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