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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Environmental Management >Prioritisation of farm scale remediation efforts for reducing losses of nutrients and faecal indicator organisms to waterways: A case study of New Zealand dairy farming
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Prioritisation of farm scale remediation efforts for reducing losses of nutrients and faecal indicator organisms to waterways: A case study of New Zealand dairy farming

机译：优先进行农场规模的修复工作，以减少水道中养分和粪便指示生物的损失：以新西兰奶牛场为例

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The international competitiveness of the New Zealand (NZ) dairy industry is built on low cost clover-based systems and a favourable temperate climate that enables cows to graze pastures mostly all year round. Whilst this grazed pasture farming system is very efficient at producing milk, it has also been identified as a significant source of nutrients (N and P) and faecal bacteria which have contributed to water quality degradation in some rivers and lakes. In response to these concerns, a tool-box of mitigation measures that farmers can apply on farm to reduce environmental emissions has been developed. Here we report the potential reduction in nutrient losses and costs to farm businesses arising from the implementation of individual best management practices (BMPs) within this tool-box. Modelling analysis was carried out for a range of BMPs targeting pollutant source reduction on case-study dairy farms, located in four contrasting catchments. Due to the contrasting physical resources and management systems present in the four dairy catchments evaluated, the effectiveness and costs of BMPs varied. Farm managements that optimised soil Olsen P levels or used nitrification inhibitors were observed to result in win-win outcomes whereby nutrient losses were consistently reduced and farm profitability was increased in three of the four case study farming systems. Other BMPs generally reduced nutrient and faecal bacteria losses but at a small cost to the farm business. Our analysis indicates that there are a range of technological measures that can deliver substantial reductions in nutrient losses to waterways from dairy farms, whilst not increasing or even reducing other environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions and energy use). Their implementation will first require clearly defined environmental goals for the catchment/water body that is to be protected. Secondly, given that the major sources of water pollutants often differed between catchments, it is important that BMPs are matched to the physical resources and management systems of the existing farm businesses.
机译：新西兰（NZ）乳制品行业的国际竞争力建立在低成本的基于三叶草的系统和有利的温带气候下，使母牛几乎全年都能放牧牧场。尽管这种放牧的牧场耕作系统非常有效地生产牛奶，但它也被认为是重要的营养物（氮和磷）和粪便细菌的来源，这些营养物导致了一些河流和湖泊的水质下降。针对这些担忧，已经开发出缓解措施的工具箱，农民可以在农场上应用这些措施来减少环境排放。在这里，我们报告了在此工具箱中实施个体最佳管理实践（BMP）可能导致的养分损失和农场经营成本的减少。对位于四个对比集水区的案例研究奶牛场针对减少污染物源的一系列BMP进行了模型分析。由于在评估的四个乳品流域中存在不同的物理资源和管理系统，因此BMP的有效性和成本各不相同。观察到优化土壤Olsen P含量或使用硝化抑制剂的农场管理可获得双赢的结果，在四个案例研究的耕作系统中的三个耕作系统中，养分损失持续减少，农场盈利能力提高。其他BMP通常减少了养分和粪便细菌的损失，但对农场经营造成的损失很小。我们的分析表明，有一系列技术措施可以大幅减少奶牛场水道的养分流失，同时又不会增加甚至减少其他环境影响（例如温室气体排放和能源使用）。它们的实施首先需要明确定义要保护的集水区/水体的环境目标。其次，鉴于集水区之间主要的水污染物来源常常不同，因此，将BMP与现有农场经营的物质资源和管理系统相匹配非常重要。

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