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Simulation of Long-Term Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Grassland-Based Dairy Farming Systems to Evaluate Mitigation Strategies for Nutrient Losses

机译：基于草地的奶牛养殖系统长期碳氮动态模拟以评估养分流失的缓解策略

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Many measures have been proposed to mitigate gaseous emissions and other nutrient losses from agroecosystems, which can have large detrimental effects for the quality of soils, water and air, and contribute to eutrophication and global warming. Due to complexities in farm management, biological interactions and emission measurements, most experiments focus on analysis of short-term effects of isolated mitigation practices. Here we present a model that allows simulating long-term effects at the whole-farm level of combined measures related to grassland management, animal housing and manure handling after excretion, during storage and after field application. The model describes the dynamics of pools of organic carbon and nitrogen (N), and of inorganic N, as affected by farm management in grassland-based dairy systems. We assessed the long-term effects of delayed grass mowing, housing type (cubicle and sloping floor barns, resulting in production of slurry and solid cattle manure, respectively), manure additives, contrasting manure storage methods and irrigation after application of covered manure. Simulations demonstrated that individually applied practices often result in compensatory loss pathways. For instance, methods to reduce ammonia emissions during storage like roofing or covering of manure led to larger losses through ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching or denitrification after application, unless extra measures like irrigation were used. A strategy of combined management practices of delayed mowing and fertilization with solid cattle manure that is treated with zeolite, stored under an impermeable sheet and irrigated after application was effective to increase soil carbon stocks, increase feed self-sufficiency and reduce losses by ammonia volatilization and soil N losses. Although long-term datasets (>25 years) of farm nutrient dynamics and loss flows are not available to validate the model, the model is firmly based on knowledge of processes and measured effects of individual practices, and allows the integrated exploration of effective emission mitigation strategies.
机译：已经提出了许多措施来减轻农业生态系统中的气体排放和其他养分流失，这可能对土壤，水和空气的质量产生巨大的不利影响，并导致富营养化和全球变暖。由于农场管理，生物相互作用和排放测量的复杂性，大多数实验着重分析孤立的缓解措施的短期影响。在这里，我们提出了一个模型，该模型可以模拟与排泄后，存储期间和田间施用之后的草地管理，动物住房和粪便处理有关的综合措施在整个农场一级的长期影响。该模型描述了基于草场的乳制品系统中农场管理对有机碳和氮（N）以及无机氮池动态的影响。我们评估了延迟割草，房屋类型（分别是小棚和倾斜的谷仓，分别导致产生粪便和固体牛粪），肥料添加剂，对比粪便存储方法和施用覆盖粪便后的灌溉的长期效果。模拟表明，个别应用的实践通常会导致补偿性损失途径。例如，除非使用灌溉等额外措施，否则在施用过程中减少氨气排放的方法（例如屋顶或覆盖肥料）会导致氨气挥发，硝酸盐浸出或反硝化后的损失更大，除非采取灌溉措施。采用沸石处理的固体牛粪的延迟割草和施肥的联合管理方法的策略是有效的，该方法有效地增加了土壤碳储量，增加了饲料的自给自足并减少了氨挥发和氨氮的损失，这些固体牛粪经沸石处理，不透水薄板存储并在施用后进行灌溉。土壤氮素损失。尽管无法获得农场养分动态和损失流量的长期数据集（> 25年）来验证模型，但该模型牢固地基于过程知识和个别实践的实测效果，并可以综合探索有效的排放缓解措施策略。

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