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Economic transition and environmental sustainability: effects of economic restructuring on air pollution in the Russian Federation

机译：经济转型与环境可持续性：俄罗斯联邦经济结构调整对空气污染的影响

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摘要

Economic liberalization in former socialist countries may have various implications for their environmental sustainability. Positive effects of this process are potentially associated with improved efficiency, investments into cleaner technologies, responsiveness to environmentally aware markets, and ending subsidies to heavy industries. On the other hand, market liberalization may result in weaker environmental controls, economic instabilities distracting attention from environmental issues, and increasing orientation towards profit-making leading to more intensive exploitation of natural resources. In addition, trade liberalization may result in shifts towards more pollution and resource-intensive industries. This article seeks to quantify effects of economic restructuring in Russia on air pollution from productive economic sectors in the 1990s. Air pollution in Russia had significantly declined in 1991-1999, however, this decline was largely due to economic decline, as the overall pollution intensity of the economy had. decreased only slightly. The factors that affected the pollution intensity are: (1) a decrease in the combined share of industrial and transport activities in the economy and (2) changing pollution intensities of the industrial and transport sectors. The pollution intensity of the Russian industry had remained relatively stable during the 1990s. This was the result of the two opposite and mutually canceling trends: (a) increasing shares of pollution-intensive branches such as metal smelting and oil production vs. less pollution intensive manufacturing and (b) decline in pollution intensities within the industrial branches. The article proposes a methodology by which the contribution of both factors to the overall pollution intensity of the industrial sector can be quantified. The pollution intensity of the Russian transport sector appears to have declined in the first half of the 1990s and increased in the second half. The most recent trend can be explained by a rising proportion of private motorcars used for transportation of people and goods instead of traditional rail and other public transport. The findings of the paper demonstrate that shifts towards more pollution-, resource- and energy-intensive industries as a result of economic liberalization emerges as a significant negative factor of the process of economic transition threatening sustainability of emerging market economies. A research agenda to further investigate these impacts is proposed.
机译：前社会主义国家的经济自由化可能对其环境的可持续性产生各种影响。该过程的积极影响可能与效率提高，对更清洁技术的投资，对具有环保意识的市场的响应能力以及对重工业的补贴终止有关。另一方面，市场自由化可能导致较弱的环境控制，经济的不稳定性分散人们对环境问题的关注，并增加了对获利的导向，从而导致对自然资源的更密集开发。此外，贸易自由化可能导致转向更多的污染和资源密集型产业。本文旨在量化1990年代俄罗斯经济结构调整对生产性经济部门造成的空气污染的影响。俄罗斯的空气污染在1991-1999年间显着下降，但是，这种下降主要是由于经济的下降，因为经济的总体污染强度已经下降。仅略有下降。影响污染强度的因素有：（1）工业和运输活动在经济中的合计份额下降，（2）工业和运输部门的污染强度变化。在1990年代，俄罗斯工业的污染强度一直保持相对稳定。这是两个相反且相互抵消的趋势的结果：（a）污染密集型分支机构（如金属冶炼和石油生产）所占份额增加，而污染密集型制造业所占份额下降；（b）工业分支机构内污染强度下降。本文提出了一种方法，通过该方法可以量化两个因素对工业部门总体污染强度的贡献。俄罗斯运输部门的污染强度在1990年代上半年似乎有所下降，而在下半年则有所增加。最近的趋势可以解释为，用于运送人员和货物的私人汽车的比例上升，而不是传统的铁路和其他公共交通工具。本文的研究结果表明，由于经济自由化，向污染，资源和能源密集型产业的转移正成为经济转型过程中严重威胁新兴市场经济体可持续发展的负面因素。提出了进一步研究这些影响的研究议程。

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