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A Causal Approach to Analogy

机译:类比的因果方法

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摘要

Analogical reasoning addresses the question how evidence from various phenomena can be combined and made relevant for theory development and prediction. In the first part of my contribution, I review some influential accounts of analogical reasoning, both historical and contemporary, focusing in particular on Keynes, Carnap, Hesse, and more recently Bartha. In the second part, I sketch a general framework. To this purpose, a distinction between a predictive and a conceptual type of analogical reasoning is introduced. I then take up a common intuition according to which (predictive) analogical inferences hold if the differences between source and target concern only irrelevant circumstances. I attempt to make this idea more precise by addressing possible objections and in particular by specifying a notion of causal irrelevance based on difference making in homogeneous contexts.
机译:类比推理解决了一个问题,即如何将各种现象的证据结合起来并使其与理论发展和预测相关。在我的贡献的第一部分中,我回顾了一些具有历史意义和当代意义的类比推理影响力的论述,特别是凯恩斯,卡纳普,黑塞以及最近的巴莎。在第二部分中,我概述了一个通用框架。为此,介绍了类推推理的预测类型和概念类型之间的区别。然后,我得出一个共同的直觉,即如果源和目标之间的差异仅与无关的情况有关,则根据(直觉式)类推推断成立。我试图通过解决可能的反对意见,尤其是通过基于同质上下文中的差异来指定因果无关紧要的概念,来使这个想法更加精确。

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